Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Post-translational carboxylation of preprothrombin

  • Published:
Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Summary

In summary, in this review on the function of vitamin K in post-translational modification of precursor proteins by carboxylation of certain glutamyl residues, I have tried to cover in particular the recent work on the reaction, the enzymes involved and the mechanisms being considered.

In doing this I have also considered vitamin K, its discovery, its functional form and the possible relation of its metabolism to the carboxylation reaction. Equally the various vitamin K-dependent gla-containing proteins currently known have been described. The carboxylation of synthetic small molecule exogenous substrates and the synthesis and metabolism of the products of carboxylation are of great help in studying the reaction.

Structural specificity of vitamin K analogs in vivo and in vitro has been compared and the use of various antagonists in vivo and in vitro considered in attempts to gain an understanding of the overall reaction.

The reactions subsequent to carboxylation, e.g., the activation of prothrombin to thrombin via serine proteases and the related activation of the other vitamin K-dependent proteins have not been considered in this review. The review has not covered prothrombin or other vitamin K-dependent protein isolation, nor the determination of these proteins.

As the vitamin K-dependent protein carboxylation story has developed over the past six years, a number of reviews have been written which help in keeping up with the various aspects of the field as it has expanded. These reviews refer to many of the papers I have had to eliminate due to space limitations. They are referenced as 469–489.

The review is in no sense comprehensive and many papers have been missed or only mentioned. I have tried to concentrate on the more recent work and, thus, much of the very fine work of the 1940's on vitamin K chemistry is hardly mentioned.

Some redundancy has been built into the organization of the review so that a reader can obtain a reasonable view of any one section without having to search the whole review for all possible relevant information on any particular part of the field.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Goswami, P. & Munro, H. N., 1962. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 55: 410–412.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Hill, R. B., Gaetani, S., Paolucci, A. M., Rama Rao, P. B., Alden, R., Ranhotra, G. S., Shah, D. V., Shah, V. K., & Johnson, B. C., 1968. J. Biol. Chem. 243: 3930–3939.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Babior, B. M., 1966. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 123: 606–610.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Lowenthal, J. & Simmons, E. L., 1967. Experientia 23: 421–422.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Ranhotra, G. S. & Johnson, B. C., 1969. Proc. Sec. Exp. Biol. Med. 132: 509–513.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Shah, D. V. & Suttie, J. W., 1972. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 150: 91–95.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Mameesh, M. S. & Johnson, B. C., 1959. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 101: 467–469.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Metta, V. C., Nash, L., & Johnson, B. C., 1961. J. Nutr. 74: 473–476.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Olson, R. E., 1964. Science 145: 926–928.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Johnston, M. F. N., Kipfer, R. K., & Olson, R. E., 1972. J. Biol. Chem. 3987–3993, 3994, 4000, 4001–4007.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Olson, R. E., Kipfer, R. K., & Li, L. F., 1969. Adv. Enzyme Regulation 7: 83–94.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Olson, R. E., 1974. Vitamins and Hormones 32: 483–511.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Girardot, J-M., Delaney, R., & Johnson, B. C., 1974. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 59: 1197–1203.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Stenflo, J., Fernlund, P., Egan, W., & Roepstorff, P., 1974. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., USA 71: 2730–2733.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Nelsestuen, G. L., Zytokovicz, T. H. & Howard, J. B., 1974. J. Biol. Chem. 249: 6347–6350.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Anonymous, 1975. Nutr. Rev. 33: 25–28.

  17. Dam, H., 1929. Biochem. Z. 215: 475–492.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Dam, H., 1930. Biochem. Z. 220: 158–163.

    Google Scholar 

  19. McFarlane, W. D., Graham, W. R. & Richardson, F., 1931. Biochem. J. 25: 358–366.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Holst, W. F. & Halbrook, E. R., 1933. Science 77: 354.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Dam, H., 1934. Nature 133: 909–910.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Dam, H. & Schoenheyder, F., 1934. Biochem. J. 28: 1355–1359.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Almquist, H. J., 1935. Nature 136: 31.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Almquist, H. J., 1975. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 28: 656–659.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Dam, H., 1935. Nature 135: 652–653.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Dam, H., 1935. Biochem. J. 29: 1273–1285.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Schoenheyder, F., 1936. Biochem. J. 30: 890–896.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Dam, H., Geiger, A., Glavind, J., Karrer, P., Karrer, W., Rothschild, E. & Salomon, H., 1939. Helv. Chim. Acta 22: 310–313.

    Google Scholar 

  29. MacCorquodale, D. W., Binkley, S. B., McKee, R. W., Thayer, S. A. & Doisey, E. A., 1939. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 40: 482–483.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Almquist, H. J. & Klose, A. A., 1939. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 61: 1610–1611.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Ansbacher, S. & Fernholz, E., 1939. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 61: 1924–1925.

    Google Scholar 

  32. MacCorquodale, D. W., McKee, R. W., Binkley, S. B., Cheney, L. C., Holcomb, W. F., Thayer, S. A. & Doisey, E. A., 1939. J. Biol. Chem. 130: 433.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Mayer, H. & Isler, O., 1971. Methods in Enzymology XVIII(C), 469–491.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Karrer, P., Geiger, A., Ruegg, R. & Salomon, H., 1939. Helv. Chim. Acta 22: 1513–1516.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Almquist, H. J. & Klose, A. A., 1939. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 61: 2557–2558.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Fieser, L. F., 1939. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 61: 2559–2561.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Fieser, L. F., 1939. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 61: 2561.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Binkley, S. B., McKee, R. W., Thayer, S. A. & Doisey, E. A., 1940. J. Biol. Chem. 133: 721–729.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Mayer, H. & Isler, O., 1971. Methods in Enzymology XVIII(C), 491–547.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Fieser, L. F., Tishler, M. & Sampson, W. L., 1941. J. Biol. Chem. 137: 659–692.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Isler, O., Ruegg, R., Chopard-dit-Jean, L. H., Winterstein, A. & Wiss, O., 1958. Helv. Chim. Acta 41: 786–807.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Isler, O. & Wiss, O., 1959. Vitamins and Hormones 17: 53–90.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Weber, F. & Wiss, O., 1971. The Vitamins (W. H. Sebrell, Jr. & R. S. Harris, eds.) Vol. III, 2nd Edition, Academic Press, New York, pp. 457–466.

  44. Pennock, J. F., 1966. Vitamins and Hormones 24: 307–329.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Griminger, P., 1966. Vitamins and Hormones 24: 605–618.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Dunphy, P. S. & Brodie, A. F., 1971. Methods in Enzymology XVIII(C), pp. 407–461.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Matschiner, J. T., Taggart, W. V. & Amelotti, T. M., 1967. Biochemistry 6: 1243–1248.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Matschiner, J. T. & Amelotti, J. M., 1968. J. Lipid Res. 9: 176–179.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Matschiner, J. T., Bell, R. G., Amelotti, J. M. & Knauer, T. E., 1970. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 201: 309–315.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Price, J. A., Bartels, V. L., Chiu, A., Delaney, R. & Johnson, B. C., 1980. J. Biol. Chem. 255: 1808–1811.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Martius, C. & Esser H., 1958. Biochem. Z. 331: 1–9.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Billeter, M., Bolliger, W. & Martius, C., 1964. Biochem. Z. 340: 290–303.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Martius, C., Semadeni, E. C. & Alvino, C., 1965. Biochem. Z. 342: 492–494.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Dialameh, G. H., Yekundi, K. G. & Olson, R. E., 1970. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 223: 332–338.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Moore, M. B., 1941. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 63: 2049–2051.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Carmack, M., Moore, M. B. & Balis, M. E., 1950. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 72: 844–847.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Fieser, L. F. & Fry, E. M., 1940. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 62: 228–229.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Taggart, W. V. & Matschiner, J. T., 1969. Biochemistry 8: 1141–1146.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Matschiner, J. T., 1969. Fat Soluble Vitamins (H. F. DeLuca & J. W. Suttie, editors) University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, Wisconsin, pp. 377–397.

  60. Duello, T. J. & Matschiner, J. T., 1971. Int. J. Vit. Nutr. Res. 41: 180–188.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Owen, C. A., Jr., Magath, T. B. & Bollman, J. L., 1951. Am. J. Physiol. 166: 1–11.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Koller, F., Loeliger, A. & Duckert, F., 1951. Acta Haematol. 6: 1–18.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Aggeler, P. M., White, S. G., Glendening, M. B., Page, E. W., Leake, T. B. & Bates, G., 1952. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 79: 692–694.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Biggs, R., Douglass, A. S., MacFarlane, R. G., Dacie, J. V., Pitney, W. R., Merskey, C. & O'Brien, J. R., 1952. Brit. Med. J. 2: 1378–1382.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Hougie, C., Barrow, E. M. & Graham, J. B., 1957. J. Clin. Invest. 36: 485–496.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Owren, P. A. & Aas, K., 1951. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 3: 201–208.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Naeye, R. L., 1956. Proc. Soc. Exp. Med. 91: 101–104.

    Google Scholar 

  68. McElfresh, A. E. & Ozge, A., 1957. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 49: 753–755.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Ball, E. G., Anfinsen, C. B. & Cooper, O., 1947. J. Biol. Chem. 168: 257–270.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Fieser, L. F. & Heymann, N., 1948. J. Biol. Chem. 176: 1363–1370.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Martius, C. & Nitz-Litzow, D., 1953. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 12: 134–140.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Martius, C. & Nitz-Litzow, D., 1954. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 13: 289–290.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Martius, C., 1966. Vitamins and Hormones 24: 441–445.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Chmielewska, A. & Cieslak, T., 1958. Tetrahedron Lett. 4: 135–146.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Clark, V. M., Hutchinson, D. W., Kirby, G. W., Clark, M. & Todd, A., 1961. J. Chem. Soc. 715–721: 722–725.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Andrews, K. J. M., 1961. J. Chem. Soc. 1808–1816.

  77. Vilkas, M. & Lederer, E., 1962. Experientia 18: 546–549.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Asano, A., Brodie, A. F., Wagner, A. F., Wittreich, P. E. & Folkers, K., 1962. J. Biol. Chem. 237: 2411–2412.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Erickson, E. R., Wagner, A. F. & Folkers, K., 1963. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 85: 1534–1535; 1535–1537.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Watanabe, T. & Brodie, A. F., 1966. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 56: 940–945.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Dallam, R. D. & Anderson, W. W., 1957. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 25: 439.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Dallam, R. D. & Hamilton, J. W., 1964. Radiation Res. 22: 548–555.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Martius, C. & Nitz-Litzow, D., 1954. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 13: 152–153.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Shah, D. V. & Suttie, J. W., 1971. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 68: 1653–1657.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Suttie, J. W., Nelsestuen, G. L. & Shah, D. V., 1973. Thromb. Diath. Haemorrhag. Supp. 54: 37–49.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Bayer, R. E. & Kennison, R. E., 1951. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 84: 63–70.

    Google Scholar 

  87. Colpa-Boonstra, J. P. & Slater, E. C., 1958. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 27: 122–133.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Paolucci, A. M., Rama Rao, P. B. & Johnson, B. C., 1963. J. Nutr. 81: 17–22.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Johnson, H. V., Martinovic, J. & Johnson, B. C., 1971. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Common. 43: 1040–1048.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Martius, C., Burkart, W. & Stalder, R., 1971. FEBS Lett. 18: 257–260.

    Google Scholar 

  91. Johnson, B. C. & Valkovich, G., 1972. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Common. 48: 1437–1443.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Meeks, R. G. & Couri, D., 1978. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 544: 634–637.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Nelsestuen, G. L. & Suttie, J. W., 1971. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 45: 198–203.

    Google Scholar 

  94. Henriksen, A., Christensen, T. B. & Helgeland, L., 1976. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 421: 348–352.

    Google Scholar 

  95. Sloane, N. H., 1978. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 186: 401–405;

    Google Scholar 

  96. Sloane, N. H. 1979, Fed. Proc. 38: 723.

    Google Scholar 

  97. Lev, M. & Milford, A. F., 1971. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Common. 45: 358–362.

    Google Scholar 

  98. Brodie, A. F. & Watanabe, T., 1966. Vitamins and Hormones 24: 447–463.

    Google Scholar 

  99. Suttie, J. W., 1970. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 141: 571–578.

    Google Scholar 

  100. Barnhart, M. I. & Anderson, G. F., 1962. Biochem. Pharmacol. 9: 23–27.

    Google Scholar 

  101. Anderson, G. F. & Barnhart, M. I., 1964. Am. J. Physiol. 206: 929–938.

    Google Scholar 

  102. Nilehn, J. E. & Ganrot, P. O., 1968. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 22: 17–22.

    Google Scholar 

  103. Ganrot, P. O. & Nilehn, J. E., 1968. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 22: 23–28.

    Google Scholar 

  104. Josso, F., Lavergne, J. M., Gouault, M., Prou-Wartelle, O. & Soulier, J. P., 1968. Thromb. Diath. Haemorrhag. 20: 88–98.

    Google Scholar 

  105. Stenflo, J., 1970. Acta Chem. Scand. 24: 3762–3763.

    Google Scholar 

  106. Hemker, H. C., Veltkamp, J. J., Hensen, A., & Loeliger, E. A., 1963. Nature 200: 589–590.

    Google Scholar 

  107. Reekers, P. P. M., Lindhout, M. J., Kop-Klaassen, B. H. M. & Hemker, H. C., 1973. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 317: 559–562.

    Google Scholar 

  108. Hemker, H. C. & Reekers, P. P. M., 1974. Thromb. Diath. Haemorrhag. Supp. 57: 83–86.

    Google Scholar 

  109. Lindhout, M. J., Kop-Klaassen, B. H. M., Kop, J. M. M. & Hemker, H. C., 1978. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 533: 302–317.

    Google Scholar 

  110. Lindhout, M. J., Kop-Klaassen, B. H. M., Reekers, P. P. M. & Hemker, H. C., 1976. J. Mol. Med. 1: 223–235.

    Google Scholar 

  111. Nelsestuen, G. L. & Suttie, J. W., 1972. Biochemistry 11: 4961–4964.

    Google Scholar 

  112. Nelsestuen, G. L. & Suttie, J. W., 1972. J. Biol. Chem. 247: 8176–8182.

    Google Scholar 

  113. Suttie, J. W., 1973. Science 179: 192–193.

    Google Scholar 

  114. Hemker, H. C., Muller, A. D. & Loeliger, E. A., 1970. Thromb. Diath. Haemorrhag. 23: 633–637.

    Google Scholar 

  115. Schieck, A., Kornalik, F. & Habermann, E., 1972. Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 272: 402–416.

    Google Scholar 

  116. Malhotra, O. P., 1972. Nature New Biol. 239: 59–60.

    Google Scholar 

  117. Denson, K. W. E., 1971. Brit. J. Haematol. 20: 643–648.

    Google Scholar 

  118. Shah, D. V., Suttie, J. W. & Grant, G. A., 1973. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 159: 483–491.

    Google Scholar 

  119. Esmon, C. T., Grant, G. A. & Suttie, J. W., 1975. Biochemistry 14: 1595–1600.

    Google Scholar 

  120. Morrissey, J. J., Jones, J. P. & Olson, R. E., 1973. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Common. 54: 1075–1082.

    Google Scholar 

  121. Cesbron, N., Boyer, C., Guillin, M-C. & Menache, D., 1973. Thromb. Diath. Haemorrhag. 30: 437–450.

    Google Scholar 

  122. Guillon, M-C., Aronson, D. L., Bezéaud, A., Menache, D., Schlegel, N. & Amar, M., 1977. Thromb. Res. 1: 223–233.

    Google Scholar 

  123. Wallin, R. & Prydz, H., 1975. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Common. 62: 398–406.

    Google Scholar 

  124. Grant, G. A. & Suttie, J. W., 1976. Biochemistry 15: 5387–5393.

    Google Scholar 

  125. Esmon, C. T., Suttie, J. W. & Jackson, C. M., 1975. J. Biol. Chem. 250: 4095–4099.

    Google Scholar 

  126. Carlisle, T. L., Shah, D. V., Schlegel, R. & Suttie, J. W., 1975. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 148: 140–144.

    Google Scholar 

  127. Babior, B. M. & Kipnes, R. S., 1970. Biochemistry 9: 2564–2569.

    Google Scholar 

  128. Chung, G. C. H., Delaney, R., Mack, D. & Johnson, B. C., 1975. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 386: 556–566.

    Google Scholar 

  129. Stenflo, J., 1973. J. Biol. Chem. 248: 6325–6332.

    Google Scholar 

  130. Nelsestuen, G. L. & Suttie, J. W., 1973. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 70: 3366–3370.

    Google Scholar 

  131. Shah, D. V. & Suttie, J. W., 1974. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Common. 60: 1397–1402.

    Google Scholar 

  132. Mack, D. O., Girardot, J-M., Chung, G., Delaney, R. & Johnson, B. C., 1975. Fed. Proc. 34: 258.

    Google Scholar 

  133. Esmon, C. T., Sadowski, J. A. & Suttie, J. W., 1975. Fed. Proc. 34: 221.

    Google Scholar 

  134. Esmon, C. T., Sadowski, J. A. & Suttie, J. W., 1975. J. Biol. Chem. 250: 4744–4748.

    Google Scholar 

  135. Mack, D. O., Suen, E. T., Girardot, J-M., Miller, J. A., Delaney, R. & Johnson, B. C., 1976. J. Biol. Chem. 251: 3269–3276.

    Google Scholar 

  136. Johnson, B. C., 1980. Methods in Enzymology 67F: 165–180.

    Google Scholar 

  137. Esmon, C. T. & Suttie, J. W., 1976. J. Biol. Chem. 251: 6238–6243.

    Google Scholar 

  138. Vermeer, C., Soute, B. A. M., Govers-Riemslag, J. & Hemker, H. C., 1976. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 444: 926–930.

    Google Scholar 

  139. Lowenthal, J. & Jaeger, V., 1977. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 74: 25–33.

    Google Scholar 

  140. Garvey, W. T. & Olson, R. E., 1978. J. Nutr. 108: 1078–1086.

    Google Scholar 

  141. Munns, T. W., Johnston, M. F. M., Liszewski, M. K. & Olson, R. E., 1976. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 73: 2803–2807.

    Google Scholar 

  142. Olson, J. Pl., Miller, L. L. & Troup, S. B., 1966. J. Clin. Invest. 45: 690–701.

    Google Scholar 

  143. Poggi, A., Colucci, M., Delaini, F., Semeraro, N. & Donati, M. B., 1980. Europ. J. Cancer 16: 1641–1642.

    Google Scholar 

  144. Oesterud, B., Lindahl, U. & Seljelid, R., 1980. FEBS Lett. 120: 41–43.

    Google Scholar 

  145. Mack, D. O., Miller, J. A., Delaney, R. & Johnson, B. C., 1977. Fed. Proc. 36: 306.

    Google Scholar 

  146. Johnson, B. C., Mack, D. O., Delaney, R., Wolfensberger, M. R., Esmon, C., Price, J. A., Suen, E. & Girardot, J-M., 1980. (see reference 482) pp. 455–466.

  147. Friedman, P. A. & Shia, M. A., 1977. Biochem. J. 163: 39–43.

    Google Scholar 

  148. Petrelli, F. & Marsili, G., 1973. Boll. Soc. Ital. Biol. Sper. 49: 1114–1119.

    Google Scholar 

  149. Magnusson, S., Sottrup-Jensen, L., Petersen, T. E., Morris, H. R. & Dell, A., 1974. FEBS Lett. 44: 189–193.

    Google Scholar 

  150. Friedman, P. A. & Shia, M., 1976. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 70: 647–654.

    Google Scholar 

  151. Girardot, J-M., Mack, D. O., Floyd, R. A. & Johnson, B. C., 1976. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 70: 655–661.

    Google Scholar 

  152. Blois, M. S., Jr. & Maling, J. E., 1960. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 3: 132–135.

    Google Scholar 

  153. Johnson, B. C., Girardot, J-M., Suen, E. T., Mack, D. O., Floyd, R. A. & Delaney, R., 1978. World Rev. Nutr. Diet 31: 202–209.

    Google Scholar 

  154. Vermeer, C., Soute, B. A. M., Hemker, H. C., 1978. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 523: 494–505.

    Google Scholar 

  155. Vermeer, C., Hemker, H. C. & Soute, B. A. M., 1978. Bibliotheca Haematol. 44: 54–60.

    Google Scholar 

  156. Shah, D. V. & Suttie, J. W., 1979. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 161: 498–501.

    Google Scholar 

  157. Jones, J. P., Gardner, E. J., Cooper, T. G. & Olson, R. E., 1977. J. Biol. Chem. 252: 7738–7742.

    Google Scholar 

  158. Mack, D. O., Suen, E. T., Girardot, J-M., Miller, J. A., Delaney, R. & Johnson, B. C., 1976. Fed. Proc. 35: 1763.

    Google Scholar 

  159. Suen, E. T., 1979. Studies on Vitamin K Dependent Carboxylase, Ph. D. Dissertation, University of Oklahoma.

  160. Mack, D. O., Curtis, T. A. & Johnson, B. C., 1980. (see reference 482) pp. 467–470.

  161. Girardot, J-M., Mack, D. O., Price, J., Suen, E. & Johnson, B. C., 1977. Fed. Proc. 36: 307.

    Google Scholar 

  162. Johnson, B. C., Bartels, V. L., Watson, J. J. & Mack, D. O., 1980. Fed. proc. 39: 1669.

    Google Scholar 

  163. Sadowski, J. A., 1975. Fed. Proc. 34: 898.

    Google Scholar 

  164. Crane, F. L., 1977. Ann. Rev. Biochem. 46: 439–469.

    Google Scholar 

  165. James, T. H. & Weissberger, A., 1938. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 60: 98–104.

    Google Scholar 

  166. LuValle, J. E. & Weissberger, A., 1947. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 69: 1567–1575.

    Google Scholar 

  167. LuValle, J. E. & Weissberger, A., 1947. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 69: 1576–1582.

    Google Scholar 

  168. Wallin, R., 1979. Biochem. J., 178: 513–519.

    Google Scholar 

  169. Larson, A. E. & Suttie, J. W., 1980. FEBS Lett. 118: 95–98.

    Google Scholar 

  170. Zurbin, G. I., 1979. Ukr. Biochim. Zh. 51: 552–559.

    Google Scholar 

  171. Olson, R. E., Houser, R. M., Searcy, M. T., Gardner, E. J., Scheinbuks, J., Subba Rao, G. N., Jones, J. P. & Hall, A. L., 1978. Fed. Proc. 37: 2610–2614.

    Google Scholar 

  172. Stenflo, J., 1976. J. Biol. Chem. 251: 355–363.

    Google Scholar 

  173. Kisiel, W., Ericsson, L. H. & Davie, E. W., 1976. Biochemistry 15: 4893–4900.

    Google Scholar 

  174. Kisiel, W., Canfield, W. M., Ericsson, L. H. & Davie, E. W., 1977. Biochemistry 16: 5824–5831.

    Google Scholar 

  175. Di Scipio, R. G., Hermodson, M. A., Yates, S. G. & Davie, E. W., 1977. Biochemistry 16: 698–706.

    Google Scholar 

  176. Prowse, C. V. & Esnouf, M. P., 1977. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 5: 255–256.

    Google Scholar 

  177. Seegers, W. H., Ghosh, A. & Wu, V-Y., 1980. (see reference 482) pp. 96–101.

  178. Trauber, D., Hawkins, K., Karpatkin, M. & Karpatkin, S., 1979. J. Clin. Invest. 64: 1713–1716.

    Google Scholar 

  179. Shah, D. V., Nyari, L. J., Swanson, J. C. & Suttie, J. W., 1980. Thromb. Res. 19: 111–118.

    Google Scholar 

  180. Hauschka, P. V., Lian, J. B., & Gallop, P. M., 1975. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., USA 72: 3925–3929.

    Google Scholar 

  181. Price, P. A., Otsuka, A. S., Poser, J. W., Kristaponis, J. & Raman, N., 1976. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., USA 73: 1447–1451.

    Google Scholar 

  182. Price, P. A., Poser, J. W. & Raman, N., 1976. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., USA 73: 3374–3375.

    Google Scholar 

  183. Lian, J. B., Hauschka, P. V. & Gallop, P. M., 1978. Fed. Proc. 37: 2615–2620.

    Google Scholar 

  184. Lian, J. B. & Friedman, P. A., 1978. J. Biol. Chem. 253: 6623–6626.

    Google Scholar 

  185. Nishimoto, S. K. & Price, P. A., 1980. J. Biol. Chem. 255: 6579–6583.

    Google Scholar 

  186. Lian, J. B. & Heroux, K. M., 1980. (see reference 482) pp. 245–254.

  187. Hauschka, P. V. & Reid, M. L., 1978. Develop. Biol. 65: 426–434.

    Google Scholar 

  188. Hauschka, P. V. & Reddi, A. H., 1980. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 92: 1037–1041.

    Google Scholar 

  189. Hauschka, P. V., 1980. (see reference 482) pp. 227–236.

  190. Poser, W. J. & Price, P. A., 1979. J. Biol. Chem. 254: 431–436.

    Google Scholar 

  191. Poser, J. W., 1979. Dissertation Abst. Int. B 40: 1696.

    Google Scholar 

  192. Glimcher, M. J., Brickley-Parsons, D. & Kossiva, D., 1979. Calcif. Tissue Int. 27: 281–284.

    Google Scholar 

  193. Glimcher, M. J., Lefteriou, B. & Kossiva, D., 1979. Calcif. Tissue Int. 28: 83–86.

    Google Scholar 

  194. Price, P. A., Lothringer, J. W. & Nishimoto, S. K., 1980. J. Biol. Chem. 255: 2938–2942.

    Google Scholar 

  195. King, K., Jr., 1978. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 542: 542–546.

    Google Scholar 

  196. Price, P. A. & Baukol, S. A., 1980. J. Biol. Chem. 255: 11660–11663.

    Google Scholar 

  197. Lian, J. B., Skinner, M., Glimcher, M. J. & Gallop, P., 1976. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 73: 349–355.

    Google Scholar 

  198. Keeley, F. W., 1977. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 494: 384–394.

    Google Scholar 

  199. Sharaev, P. N. & Bogdanov, N. G., 1979. Byull. Eksp. Biol. Med. 88: 53–55.

    Google Scholar 

  200. Levy, R. J., Lian, J. B. & Gallop, P., 1979. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 91: 41–49.

    Google Scholar 

  201. Deyl, Z., Macek, K., Vancikova, O. & Adam, M., 1979. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 581: 307–315.

    Google Scholar 

  202. Levy, R. J., Zenker, J. A. & Lian, J. B., 1980. J. Clin. Invest. 65: 563–566.

    Google Scholar 

  203. Pierce, W. S., Donachy, J. H., Rosenburg, G. & Baier, R. E., 1980. Science 208: 601–603.

    Google Scholar 

  204. Sharaev, P. N., Bogdanov, N. G. & Yamoldinov, R. N., 1980. Vopr. Pitaniya 1980 (3): 75–76.

    Google Scholar 

  205. Tuan, R. S., Scott, W. A. & Cohn, Z. A., 1978. J. Biol. Chem. 253: 1011–1016.

    Google Scholar 

  206. Tuan, R. S., Scott, W. A. & Cohn, Z. A., 1978. J. Cell Biol. 77: 752–761.

    Google Scholar 

  207. Tuan, R. S., 1979. J. Biol. Chem. 254: 1356–1364.

    Google Scholar 

  208. Bronshtein, L. M., Anisimov, A. A., Oblizina, G. V., Dubovskaya, S. S. & Rabinovich, I. S., 1978. Vopr. Med. Khim. 24: 80–84.

    Google Scholar 

  209. Hauschka, P. V., Friedman, P. A., Traverso, H. P. & Gallop, P. M., 1976. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Common. 7l: 1207–1213.

    Google Scholar 

  210. Griep, A. E. & Friedman, P. A., 1980. (see reference 482) pp. 307–310.

  211. Buchthal, S. D. & Bell, R. G., 1980. (see reference 482) pp. 299–302.

  212. Lian, J. B., Prien, E. L., Jr., Glimcher, M. J. & Gallop, P. M., 1977. J. Clin. Invest. 59: 1151–1157.

    Google Scholar 

  213. Fernlund, P., 1976. Clin. Chim. Acta 72: 147–155.

    Google Scholar 

  214. Krampitz, G., Meisel, H., Witt-Krause, W., 1980. Naturwissenschaften 67: 38–39.

    Google Scholar 

  215. Samata, T., 1979. Ph. D. Dissertation, University of Bonn.

  216. Bell, R. G., 1980. (see reference 482) pp. 286–293.

  217. Friedman, P. A., Hauschka, P. V., Shia, M. A. & Wallace, J. K., 1979. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 583: 261–265.

    Google Scholar 

  218. Delaney, R., Gray, P. N. & Johnson, B. C., 1978. Proc. Southwest Oncology Group Meeting, San Antonio, Texas, November 7–9, 1978.

  219. Delaney, R. & Gray, P. N., 1979. Fed. Proc. 38: 710.

    Google Scholar 

  220. Gray, P. N. & Delaney, R., 1979. Proc. 11th Int. Congress. Biochem., Toronto, Canada, July, 1979, p. 482.

  221. Gray, P. N., Delaney, R. & Johnson, B. C., 1979. Proc. 11th Int. Congress Biochem., Toronto, Canada, July, 1979, p. 666.

  222. Lacour, F., Oberling, Ch. & Guerin, M., 1957. Bull. Assoc. Franc. Etude Cancer 44: 88–91.

    Google Scholar 

  223. Michaels, L., 1964. Lancet 1964(2): 832–836.

    Google Scholar 

  224. Hilgard, P. & Thornes, R. D., 1976. Europ. J. Cancer 12: 755–762.

    Google Scholar 

  225. Hilgard, P., 1977. Brit. J. Cancer 35: 891–892.

    Google Scholar 

  226. Hilgard, P., Schulte, H., Wetzig, G. & Schmidt, C. G., 1977. Brit. J. Cancer 35: 78–85.

    Google Scholar 

  227. Hilgard, P., 1979. Thromb. & Haemost. 42: 353.

    Google Scholar 

  228. Zacharski, L. R. Henderson, W. G., Rickles, F. R., Forman, W. B., Cornell, C. J., Jr., Forcier, R. J., Harrower, H. W. & Johnson, R. O., 1979. Cancer 44: 732–741.

    Google Scholar 

  229. Van Buskirk, J. J. & Kirsch, W. M., 1978. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 80: 1033–1038.

    Google Scholar 

  230. Van Buskirk, J. J., Low, M. & Kirsch, W. M., 1980. (see reference 482) pp. 274–278.

  231. Scheinbuks, J., 1980. (see reference 482) p. 279–285.

  232. Lee, S-H. & Brodie, A. F., 1980. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 95: 499–506.

    Google Scholar 

  233. Nelsestuen, G. L., Broderius, M. & Martin, G., 1976. J. Biol. Chem. 251: 6886–6893.

    Google Scholar 

  234. Nelsestuen, G. L., Kisiel, W. & Di Scipio, R. G., 1978. Biochemistry 17: 2134–2138.

    Google Scholar 

  235. Nelsestuen, G. L., 1978. Fed. Proc. 37: 2621–2625.

    Google Scholar 

  236. Nelsestuen, G. L., 1977. Calcium-Binding Proteins and Calcium Function. Elsevier North Holland, Inc., New York and Amsterdam, pp. 323–332.

    Google Scholar 

  237. Lindhout, M. J. & Hemker, H. C., 1978. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 533: 318–326.

    Google Scholar 

  238. Hauschka, P. V., Lian, J. B. & Gallop, P. M., 1978. TIBS 3: 75–78.

    Google Scholar 

  239. Robertson, P., Jr., Hiskey, R. G. & Koehler, K. A., 1978. J. Biol. Chem. 253: 5880–5883.

    Google Scholar 

  240. Osterberg, R., Sjoberg, B., Osterberg, P., and Stenflo, J., 1980. Biochemistry 19: 2283–2286.

    Google Scholar 

  241. Morris, H. R., Dell, A., Petersen, T. E., Sottrup-Jensen, L. & Magnusson, S., 1976. Biochem. J. 153: 663–679.

    Google Scholar 

  242. Magnusson, S., Petersen, T. E., Sottrup-Jensen, L. & Claeys, H., 1975. Cold Spring Harbor Conf. on Cell Proliferation (E. Reich, D. B. Rifkin, an E. Shaw, eds.) 2: 123–149.

  243. Magnusson, S., Sottrup-Jensen, L., Petersen, T. E. & Claeys, H., 1975. Prothrombin and Related Coagulation Factors (H. C. Hemker & J. J. Veltkamp, eds.) University of Leiden Press, p. 25–46.

  244. Magnusson, S., 1976. Plasma Proteins (B. Blomback and L. A. Hansen, eds.) John Wiley & Sons, New York pp. 254–276.

  245. Matthes, K. L., 1975. Die Medizinische Welt (N.F.) 26: 1777–1782.

    Google Scholar 

  246. Hewett-Emmett, D., 1978. Bibliotheca Haemostas. 44: 94–104.

    Google Scholar 

  247. Gibbs, A. J. & McIntyre, G. A., 1970. Eur. J. Biochem. 76: 1–11.

    Google Scholar 

  248. Young, C. L., Barker, W. C., Tomaselli, G. M. & Dayhoff, M. O., 1978. Atlas of Protein Sequence and Structure 5 (Suppl. 3), (M. W. Dayhoff, ed.) National Biomedical Research Foundation, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. pp. 73–85.

  249. Stenflo, J., Fernlund, P. & Roepstorff, P., 1975. Cold Spring Harbor Conferences on Cell Proliferation (E. Reich, D. B. Rifkin, & E. Shaw, editors) 2, 111–112.

  250. Fernlund, P., Stenflo, J. & Tufvesson, A., 1978. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75: 5889–5892.

    Google Scholar 

  251. Stenflo, J. & Jonsson, M., 1979. FEBS Lett. 101: 377–381.

    Google Scholar 

  252. Di Scipio, R. G. & Davie, E. W., 1979. Biochemistry 18: 899–904.

    Google Scholar 

  253. Petersen, T. E., Thogersen, H. C., Sottrup-Jensen, L., Magnusson, S. & Jornvall, H., 1980. FEBS Lett. 114: 278–282.

    Google Scholar 

  254. Katayama, K., Ericsson, L. H., Enfield, D. L., Walsh, K. A., Neurath, H., Davie, E. W. & Titani, K., 1979. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 76: 4990–4994.

    Google Scholar 

  255. Enfield, D. L., Ericsson, L. H., Walsh, K. A., Neurath H. & Titani, K., 1975. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA 72: 16–19.

    Google Scholar 

  256. Titani, K., Fujikawa, K. Enfield, D. L., Ericsson, L. H., Walsh, K. A. & Neurath, H., 1975. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA 72: 3082–3086.

    Google Scholar 

  257. Thøgersen, H. C., Petersen, T. E., Sottrup-Jensep, L., Magnusson, S. & Morris, H. R., 1978. Biochem. J. 175: 613–627.

    Google Scholar 

  258. Davie, E. W., 1980. (see reference 482) pp. 3–7.

  259. Fernlund, P. & Stenflo, J., 1980. (see reference 482) pp. 84–88.

  260. Grant, G. A. & Suttie, J. W., 1976. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 176: 650–662.

    Google Scholar 

  261. Walz, D. A., 1978. Bibliotheca Haemostas. 44: 8–14.

    Google Scholar 

  262. Poser, J. W., Esch, F. S., Ling, N. C. & Price, P., 1980. J. Biol. Chem. 255: 8685–8691.

    Google Scholar 

  263. Baskova, I. P., Memon, M. S., Ramanov, V. V. & Rusak, A. F., 1977. Biokhimiya 42: 95–99.

    Google Scholar 

  264. Suttie, J. W., Hageman, J. M., Lehrman, S. R., & Rich, D. H., 1976. J. Biol. Chem. 251: 5827–5830.

    Google Scholar 

  265. Houser, R. M., Carey, D. J., Dus, K. M., Marshall, G. R. & Olson, R. E., 1977. FEBS Lett. 75: 226–230.

    Google Scholar 

  266. Finnan, J. L. & Suttie, J. W., 1980. (see reference 482) pp. 509–517.

  267. Dubin, A., Suen, E. T., Delaney, R., Chin, A. & Johnson, B. C., 1979. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 88: 1024–1029.

    Google Scholar 

  268. Griffith, M. J., 1979. J. Biol. Chem. 254: 3401–3406.

    Google Scholar 

  269. Rich, D. H., Lehrman, S. R., Kawai, M., Goodman, H. L. & Suttie, J. W., 1980. (see reference 482) pp. 471–479.

  270. Huang, J. S., Huang, S. S. & Olson, R. E., 1980. Fed. Proc. 39: 788, 1855.

    Google Scholar 

  271. Suttie, J. W., Gewecke, L. O., Finnan, J. L., Lehrman, S. R. & Rich, D. H., 1980. (see reference 482) pp. 450–454.

  272. Finnan, J. L. & Suttie, J. W., 1979. Fed. Proc. 38: 876.

    Google Scholar 

  273. Decottignies-Le Maréchal, P., Rikong-Adie, H., Azerad, R. & Gaudry, M., 1980. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 90: 700–707.

    Google Scholar 

  274. Johnson, B. C., Sridhar, R., Delaney, R. & Watson, J., 1980. Fed. Proc. 39: 788.

    Google Scholar 

  275. Friedman, P. A., Shia, M. A., Gallop, P. M. & Griep, A. E., 1979. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., USA 76, 3126–3129.

    Google Scholar 

  276. Friedman, P. A., 1980. (see reference 482) pp. 401–407.

  277. Matthes, K. J., 1980. (see reference 482) pp. 13–15.

  278. Gorman, K., Floyd, R. A., Watson, J. J., Mack, D. O., Delaney, R. & Johnson, B. C., 1980. Fed. Proc. 37: 1893.

    Google Scholar 

  279. Johnson, B. C., Mack, D. O. & Delaney, R., 1980. Proc. 6th Int. Cong. Thromb., Monte-Carlo, October, 1980, p. 39.

  280. Wolfensberger, M., Delaney, R., Mack, D. O., Esmon, C. & Johnson, B. C., 1978. Fed. Proc. 37: 1443.

    Google Scholar 

  281. Sadowski, J. A. & Suttie, J. W., 1976. Fed. Proc. 35: 662.

    Google Scholar 

  282. Bachur, N. R., Gordon, S. L., Gee, M. V. & Kon, H., 1979. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 76: 954–957.

    Google Scholar 

  283. Iyanagi, T. & Yamazaki, I., 1970. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 216: 282–294.

    Google Scholar 

  284. Ernster, L., Nordenbrand, K. & Orrenius, S., 1980. First. Int. Symp. Lipid Peroxidation in Biol. & Med., Nagoya, Japan (K. Yagi, editor) Academic Press, New York, in press.

  285. Schlenk, H. & Bergmann, G., 1928. Liebigs Ann. Chem. 463: 98–227 (p. 193).

    Google Scholar 

  286. Ullrich, V. & Schnabel, K. H., 1973. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 159: 240–245.

    Google Scholar 

  287. Esnouf, M. P., Green, M. R., Hill H. A. O., Irvine, G. B. & Walter, S. J., 1978. Biochem. J. 174: 345–348.

    Google Scholar 

  288. Esnouf, M. P., Burgess, A. I., Walter, S. J., Green, M. R., Hill, H. A. O. & Okolow-Zubkowska, M. J., 1980. (see reference 482) pp. 422–432.

  289. Hodgson, E. K. & Fridovich, I., 1976. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 172: 202–205.

    Google Scholar 

  290. Saito, I., Otsuki, T. & Matsuura, T., 1979. Tetrahedron Lett. 19: 1693–1696.

    Google Scholar 

  291. Winterbourn, C. C., French, J. K. & Claridge, R. F. C., 1978. FEBS Lett. 94: 269–272.

    Google Scholar 

  292. Larson, A. E. & Suttie, J. W., 1978. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 75: 5413–5416.

    Google Scholar 

  293. Suttie, J. W., Larson, A. E., Canfield, L. M. & Carlisle, T. T., 1978. Fed. Proc. 37: 2605–2609.

    Google Scholar 

  294. Larson, A. E., McTigue, J. J. & Suttie, J. W., 1980. (see reference 482) pp. 413–421.

  295. Olson, R. E., Huang, J. S., Zee-Chung, R. K. Y., Huang, S. S., Hall, A. L., O'Brian, J. K., Kloepper, R. & Chiu, Y. J. P., 1980. Fed. Proc. 39: 1669.

    Google Scholar 

  296. Viré, J. C., Patriarche, G. J. & Christian, G. D., 1979. Anal. Chem. 51: 752–757.

    Google Scholar 

  297. Dunkle, B. F., Turner, P. M., Hall, A. L., Wing, D. A., Houser, R. M. & Olson, R. E., 1979. Fed. Proc. 38: 723.

    Google Scholar 

  298. Sauers, C. K., Jencks, W. P. & Grok, S., 1975. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 97: 5546–5553.

    Google Scholar 

  299. Williams, A. & Douglas, K. T., 1975. Chem. Rev. 75: 640.

    Google Scholar 

  300. Suzuki, H., Nakao, T. & Hiraga, K., 1979. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 50: 261–262.

    Google Scholar 

  301. Olson, R. E. & Jones, J. P., 1979. Fed. Proc. 38: 710.

    Google Scholar 

  302. Benson, A. M., Hunkeler, M. J. & Talalay, P., 1980. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 77: 5216–5220.

    Google Scholar 

  303. Kappus, H., Kieczka, H., Scheulen, M. & Remmer, H., 1977. Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch. Exp. Pathol. Pharmacol. 300: 179–187.

    Google Scholar 

  304. Kahl, R., 1980. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 95: 163–169.

    Google Scholar 

  305. Dansette, P. M., 1980. Ann. Biol. Clin. 38: 25–34.

    Google Scholar 

  306. Bäckvall, J. E. & Karlsson, O., 1980. Tetrahedron Lett. 21: 4985–4988.

    Google Scholar 

  307. Bottaccio, G., Marchi, M. & Chiusoli, G. P., 1977. Gazz. Chim. Ital. 107: 499–500.

    Google Scholar 

  308. Nakajima, T., Yabushita, Y. & Tabashi, I., 1975. Nature 256: 60–61.

    Google Scholar 

  309. Bhagwat, A. S. & Sane, P. V., 1978. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 84: 865–873.

    Google Scholar 

  310. Christeller, J. T. & Laing, W. A., 1979. Biochem. J., 183: 747–750.

    Google Scholar 

  311. Miziorko, H. M. & Sealy, R. C., 1980. Biochemistry 80: 1167–1171.

    Google Scholar 

  312. Suttie, J. W., 1967. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 118: 166–171.

    Google Scholar 

  313. MacGillivray, R. T. A., Chung, D. W. & Davie, E. W.,1980. (see reference 482) pp. 546–552.

  314. Chung, D. W., MacGillivray, R. T. A. & Davie, E. W., 1980. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 343: 210–215.

    Google Scholar 

  315. Jones, J. P., Fausto, A., Houser, R. M., Gardner, E. J. & Olson, R. E., 1976. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 72: 589–597.

    Google Scholar 

  316. Mack, D. O., Wolfensberger, M., Girardot, J-M., Miller, J. A. & Johnson, B. C., 1979. J. Biol. Chem. 254: 2656–2664.

    Google Scholar 

  317. Yen, C. S. & Mack, D. O., 1980. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 165: 306–308.

    Google Scholar 

  318. Link, K. P., 1944. Harvey Lectures 39: 162–216.

    Google Scholar 

  319. Overman, R. S., Stahmann, M. A., Sullivan, W. R., Huebner, C. F., Campbell, H. A. & Link, K. P., 1942. J. Biol. Chem. 142: 941–955

    Google Scholar 

  320. Campbell, H. A. & Link, K. P., 1941. J. Biol. Chem. 138: 21–34

    Google Scholar 

  321. Stahmann, M. A., Huebner, C. F. & Link, K. P., 1941. J. Biol. Chem. 138: 513–527

    Google Scholar 

  322. Huebner, C. F. & Link, K. P., 1941. J. Biol. Chem. 138: 529–534.

    Google Scholar 

  323. Stahmann, M., Ikawa, M. & Link, K. P., 1947. U.S. Patent 2: 427, 578.

    Google Scholar 

  324. Ernster, L., Danielson, L. & Ljunggren, M., 1962. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 58: 171–188.

    Google Scholar 

  325. Bell, R. G. & Caldwell, P. T., 1973. Biochemistry 12: 1759–1762.

    Google Scholar 

  326. Marshall, F. N., 1972. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 139: 223–227.

    Google Scholar 

  327. Lowenthal, J. & Chowdhury, M. N. R., 1970. Can. J. Chem. 48: 3957–3958.

    Google Scholar 

  328. Shah, D. V. & Suttie, J. W., 1973. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 143: 775–779.

    Google Scholar 

  329. Friedman, P. A. & Griep, A. E., 1980. Biochemistry 19: 3381–3386.

    Google Scholar 

  330. Searcey, M. T., Graves, C. & Olson, R. E., 1977. J. Biol. Chem. 252: 6260–6267.

    Google Scholar 

  331. Otagiri, M., Matsumoto, U. & Perrin, J. H., 1980. J. Pharm. Dynamics 3(9) S2.

    Google Scholar 

  332. Fehske, K. J., Mueller, W. E., Wollert, U. & Velden, L. M., 1979. Mol. Pharmacol. 16: 778–789.

    Google Scholar 

  333. Wilting, J., van der Giesen, W. F., Janssen, L. H. M., Weideman, M. M., Otagiri, M. & Perrin, J. H., 1980. J. Biol. Chem. 255: 3032–3037.

    Google Scholar 

  334. Valente, E. J., Porter, W. R. & Trager, W. F., 1978. J. Med. Chem. 21: 231–234.

    Google Scholar 

  335. Whitlon, D. S., Sadowski, J. A. & Suttie, J. W., 1978. Biochemistry 17: 1371–1377.

    Google Scholar 

  336. Esnouf, M. P., Green, M. R., Hill, H. A. O. & Walter, S. J., 1979. FEBS Lett. 107: 146–150.

    Google Scholar 

  337. Park, B. K., Leck, J. B., Wilson, A. C., Serlin, M. J. & Breckenridge, A. M., 1979. Biochem. Pharmacol. 28: 1323–1329.

    Google Scholar 

  338. Schmidt, W., Beermann, D., Oesch, F. & Jähnchen, E., 1979. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 31: 490–491.

    Google Scholar 

  339. Ren, P., Stark, P. Y., Johnson, R. L. & Bell, R. G., 1977. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 201: 541–546.

    Google Scholar 

  340. Tuhy, P. M., Bloom, J. W. & Mann, K. G., 1979. Biochemistry 18: 5842–5848.

    Google Scholar 

  341. Morrison, S. A. & Esnouf, M. P., 1973. Nature New Biol. 242: 92–94.

    Google Scholar 

  342. Malhotra, O. P., 1975. Thromb. Diath. Haemorrhag. 34: 592.

    Google Scholar 

  343. Prowse, C. V., Mattock, P., Esnouf, M. P. & Russell, A. M., 1976. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 434: 265–279.

    Google Scholar 

  344. Esnouf, M. P. & Prowse, C. V., 1977. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 490: 471–476.

    Google Scholar 

  345. Friedman, P. A., Rosenberg, R. D., Hauschka, P. V. & Fitz-James, A., 1977. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 494: 271–276.

    Google Scholar 

  346. Malhotra, O. P., 1979. Thromb. Res. 15: 427–437.

    Google Scholar 

  347. Malhotra, O. P., 1979. Thromb. Res. 15: 439–448.

    Google Scholar 

  348. Malhotra, O. P., 1979. Thromb. Res. 15: 449–463.

    Google Scholar 

  349. Malhotra, O. P., 1980. (see reference 482) pp. 62–65.

  350. Cassen, J. & Malhotra, O. P., 1980. (see reference 482) pp. 388–391.

  351. Lewis, R. M., Reisner, H. M., Chung, K-S., & Roberts, H. R., 1980. Blood 56, 608–614.

    Google Scholar 

  352. Furie, B., Provost, K. L., Blanchard, R. A. & Furie, B. C., 1978. J. Biol. Chem. 253: 8980–8987.

    Google Scholar 

  353. Furie, B. & Furie, B. C., 1979. J. Biol. Chem. 254: 9766–9771.

    Google Scholar 

  354. Blanchard, R. A., Furie, B. & Furie, B. C., 1980. (see reference 482) pp. 66–71.

  355. Sperling, R., Furie, B. C., Blumenstein, M., Keyt, B. & Furie, B., 1978. J. Biol. Chem. 253: 3898–3906.

    Google Scholar 

  356. Tai, M. M., Furie, B. C. & Furie, B., 1980. J. Biol. Chem. 255: 2790–2795.

    Google Scholar 

  357. Lutes, R. T. & Shapiro, S. S., 1979. Thromb. Res. 16: 129–145.

    Google Scholar 

  358. Furie, B. C., Blumenstein, M. & Furie, B., 1979. J. Bioll. Chem. 254: 12521–12530.

    Google Scholar 

  359. Carlisle, T. L. & Suttie, J. W., 1980. Thromb. Res. 18: 405–416.

    Google Scholar 

  360. Helgeland, L., 1977. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 499: 181–1921.

    Google Scholar 

  361. Carlisle, T. L. & Suttie, J. W., 1980. Biochemistry 19: 1161–1167.

    Google Scholar 

  362. Carlisle, T. L., Shah, D. V. & Suttie, J. W., 1980. (see reference 482) pp. 443–449.

  363. Wallin, R. & Prydz, H., 1979. Thromb. Haemostas. 41: 529–536.

    Google Scholar 

  364. Hassouna, H. I. & Leach, R. E., 1978. Bibliotheca Haemostas. 44: 28–38.

    Google Scholar 

  365. Janson, T. L. & Helgeland, L., 1975. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 379: 598–605.

    Google Scholar 

  366. Finnan, J. L., Goodman, H. L. & Suttie, J. W., 1980. (see reference 482) pp. 480–483.

  367. Shah, D. V. & Suttie, J. W., 1978. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 191: 571–577.

    Google Scholar 

  368. Suttie, J. W., Lehrman, S. R., Geweke, L. O., Hageman, J. M. & Rich, D. H., 1979. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 86: 500–507.

    Google Scholar 

  369. Dubin, A., Suen, E. T., Delaney, R., Chiu, A. & Johnson, B. C., 1980. J. Biol. Chem. 255: 349–352.

    Google Scholar 

  370. Mack, D. O., Wolfensberger, M., Price, J. A. & Suen, E. T., 1978. Fed. Proc. 37: 1443.

    Google Scholar 

  371. Freedman, R., 1979. FEBS lett. 97: 201–210.

    Google Scholar 

  372. Fieser, L. F. & Turner, R. B., 1947. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 69: 2335–2338.

    Google Scholar 

  373. Stadtman, T. C., 1959. J. Biol. Chem. 234: 636–640.

    Google Scholar 

  374. Nickerson, W. J., Falcone, G. & Strauss, G., 1963. Biochemistry 2: 537–543.

    Google Scholar 

  375. Baxendale, O. H. & Hardy, H. R., 1953. Trans. Faraday Soc. 49: 1433–1437.

    Google Scholar 

  376. Dolin, M. I. & Baum, R. H., 1965. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 18: 202–205.

    Google Scholar 

  377. Houser, R. M., Hall, A. H. & Olson, R. E., 1978. Fed. Proc. 37: 1588.

    Google Scholar 

  378. Canfield, L. M., Sinsky, T. A. & Suttie, J. W., 1979. Fed. Proc. 38: 710.

    Google Scholar 

  379. Wallin, R. & Suttie, J. W., 1980. Fed. Proc. 39: 789.

    Google Scholar 

  380. Wallin, R., Gebhardt, O. & Prydz, H., 1978. Biochem. J. 169: 95–101.

    Google Scholar 

  381. Wallin, R., Canfield, L. M., Sinsky, T. A. & Suttie, J. W., 1980. (see reference 482) pp. 490–499.

  382. Canfield, L. M., Sinsky, T. A. & Suttie, J. W., 1980. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 302: 515–524.

    Google Scholar 

  383. Price, J. A. & Johnson, B. C., 1980. (see reference 482) pp. 500–504.

  384. Wallin, R. & Suttie, J. W., 1980. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 94: 1374–1380.

    Google Scholar 

  385. Friedman, P. A. & Shia, M. A., 1980. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 616: 362–370.

    Google Scholar 

  386. Hauschka, P. V., 1979. Biochemistry 18: 4992–4998.

    Google Scholar 

  387. Zytkovicz, T. H. & Nelsestuen, G. L., 1975. J. Biol. Chem. 250: 2968–2972.

    Google Scholar 

  388. Rose, K., Priddle, J. D., Offord, R. E. & Esnouf, M. P., 1980. Biochem. J. 187:239–243.

    Google Scholar 

  389. Hauschka, P. V., 1977. Anal. Biochem. 80: 212–223.

    Google Scholar 

  390. Tabor, H. & Tabor, C. W., 1977. Anal. Biochem. 78: 554–556.

    Google Scholar 

  391. Yamagata, F., Kasai, H. & Okuyama, T., 1977. Bunseki Kagaku 26: 819–824.

    Google Scholar 

  392. Madar, D. A., Willis, R. A., Koehler, K. A. & Hiskey, R. G., 1979. Anal. Biochem. 92: 466–472.

    Google Scholar 

  393. James, L. B., 1979. J. Chromatogr. 175: 211–215.

    Google Scholar 

  394. Low, M., Van Buskirk, J. J. & Kirsch, W. M., 1980. (see reference 482) pp. 150–152.

  395. Fernlund, P. & Stenflo, J., 1980. (see reference 482) pp. 161–165.

  396. Petersen, T. E., Thøgersen, H. C., Magnusson, S. & Sottrup-Jensen, L., 1980. (see reference 482) pp. 171–174.

  397. Grundberg, C. M., Lian, J. B. & Gallop, P. M., 1980. (see reference 482) pp. 153–156.

  398. Grundberg, C. M., Lian, J. B. & Gallop, P. M., 1979. Anal. Biochem. 98: 219–225.

    Google Scholar 

  399. Fernlund, P., 1980. (see reference 482) pp. 166–170.

  400. Katayama, K. & Titani, K., 1978. FEBS Lett. 95: 157–160.

    Google Scholar 

  401. Lian, J. B., Glimcher, M. J. & Gallop, P. M., 1977. Calcium-Binding Proteins and Calcium Functions (R. H. Wasserman, et al., editors) Elsevier North-Holland, New York, pp. 379–381.

  402. Shah, D. V., Tews, J. K., Harper, A. E. & Suttie, J. W., 1978. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 539: 209–217.

    Google Scholar 

  403. Federici, G., Ricci, G., Matarese, R. M., Spoto, G., Dupré, S. & Cavallini, D., 1979. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 196: 304–306.

    Google Scholar 

  404. Boggs, N. T., III, Gawley, R. E., Koehler, K. A. & Hiskey, R. G., 1975. J. Org. Chem. 40: 2850–2851.

    Google Scholar 

  405. Oppliger, M. & Schwyzer, R., 1977. Helv. Chim. Acta 60: 43–47.

    Google Scholar 

  406. Boggs, N. T., III, Goldsmith, B., Gawley, R. E., Koehler, K. A. & Hiskey, R. G., 1979. J. Org. Chem. 44: 2262–2269.

    Google Scholar 

  407. Danishefsky, S., Berman, E., Clizbe, L. A., Hirama, M., 1979. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 101: 4385–4386.

    Google Scholar 

  408. Bory, S., Gaudry, M., Marquet, A. & Azerad, A., 1979. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 87: 85–91.

    Google Scholar 

  409. Juhasz, A. & Bajusz, S., 1980. Inter. J. Pept. 15: 154–158.

    Google Scholar 

  410. Zee-Cheng, R. K-Y. & Olson, R. E., 1980. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 94: 1128–1132.

    Google Scholar 

  411. Lefevere, M. F., De Leenheer, A. P. & Claeys, A. E., 1979. J. Chromatogr. 186: 749–762.

    Google Scholar 

  412. Donnahey, P. L., Burt, V. T., Rees, H. H. & Pennock, J. F., 1979. J. Chromatogr. 170: 272–277.

    Google Scholar 

  413. Haroon, Y., Shearer, M. J., Barkhan, P., 1980. J. Chromatogr. 200: 293–299.

    Google Scholar 

  414. Mack, D. O., 1980. J. Liq. Chromatogr. 3: 1005–1021.

    Google Scholar 

  415. Bechtold, H. & Jaehnchen, E., 1979. J. Chromatogr. 164: 85–90.

    Google Scholar 

  416. Seifert, R. M., 1979. J. Agr. Food Chem. 27: 1301–1304.

    Google Scholar 

  417. Nakata, Y. & Tsuchida, E., 1980. Methods in Enzymology 67F: 148–160.

    Google Scholar 

  418. Collins, M. D., Shah, H. N. & Minnikin, D. E., 1980. J. Appl. Bact. 48: 277–282.

    Google Scholar 

  419. Bjornsson, T. D., Swezey, S. E., Meffin, P. J. & Blaschke, T. F., 1978. Thromb. Haemostas. 39: 466–473.

    Google Scholar 

  420. Naruta, Y., 1980. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 102: 3774–3783.

    Google Scholar 

  421. Snatzke, G., Wynberg, H., Feringa, B., Marsman, B. G., Greydanus, B. & Pluim, H., 1980. J. Org. Chem. 45: 4094–4096.

    Google Scholar 

  422. Shearer, M. J. & Barkhan, P., 1973. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 297: 300–312.

    Google Scholar 

  423. Wiss, O. & Gloor, U., 1966. Vitamins & Hormones 24: 575–586.

    Google Scholar 

  424. Bell, R. G. & Matschiner, J. T., 1970. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 141: 473–476.

    Google Scholar 

  425. Burt, V. T., Bee, V. & Pennock, J. F., 1977. Biochem. J. 162: 297–302.

    Google Scholar 

  426. McBurney, A., Shearer, M. J. & Barkhan, P., 1978. Biochem. Pharmacol. 27: 273–278.

    Google Scholar 

  427. Bjornsson, T. D., Meffin, P. J., Swezey, S. E. & Blaschke, T. F., 1979. J. Pharmacol. Expo. Ther. 210: 322–326.

    Google Scholar 

  428. Bjornsson T. D., Meffin, P. J., Swezey, S. E. & Blaschke, T. F., 1980. (see reference 482) pp. 328–332.

  429. Johnson, B. C., Hill, R. B., Alden, R. & Ranhotra, G. S., 1966. Life Sci. 5: 385–392.

    Google Scholar 

  430. Johnson, B. C., 1970. Nutrition (J. Masek, K. Osancova, & D. P. Cuthbertson, editors) Excerpta Medica, pp. 125–135.

  431. Bell, R. G. & Matschiner, J. T., 1969. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 135: 152–159.

    Google Scholar 

  432. Josso, F., Prou-Wartelle, O. & Soulier, J. P., 1962. Nouvelle Rev. Franc. Hematol. 2: 647–672.

    Google Scholar 

  433. Siegfried, C. M., Knauer, G. R. & Matschiner, J. T., 1979. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 194: 486–495.

    Google Scholar 

  434. Owen, C. A., Mann, K. G. & McDuffie, F. C., 1979. Thromb. Haemostas. 42: 548–555.

    Google Scholar 

  435. Martius, C. & Strufe, R., 1954. Biochem. Z. 326: 24–27.

    Google Scholar 

  436. Ernster, L., 1966. Methods in Enzymology X, 309–317.

    Google Scholar 

  437. Wosilait, W. D. & Nason, A., 1954. J. Biol. Chem. 208: 785–798.

    Google Scholar 

  438. Marki, F. & Martius, C., 1960. Biochem. Z. 333: 111–135.

    Google Scholar 

  439. Marki, F. & Martius, C., 1961. Biochem. Z. 334: 293–303.

    Google Scholar 

  440. Ernster, L. & Navazio, F., 1958. Acta Chem. Scand. 12: 595.

    Google Scholar 

  441. Ernster, L., Ljunggren, M. & Danielson, L., 1960. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2: 88–92.

    Google Scholar 

  442. Ernster, L., Lind, C. & Rase, B., 1972. Europ. J. Biochem. 25: 198–206.

    Google Scholar 

  443. Hosoda, S., Nakamura, W. & Hayashi, K., 1974. J. Biol. Chem. 249: 6416–6423.

    Google Scholar 

  444. Lind, C. & Ernster, L., 1974. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 56: 392–400.

    Google Scholar 

  445. Fasco, M. J. & Principe, L. M., 1980. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 97: 1487–1492.

    Google Scholar 

  446. Matschiner, J. T., Zimmerman, A. & Bell, R. G., 1974. Thromb. Diath. Haemorrhag. Supp. 52: 45–52.

    Google Scholar 

  447. Ren, P., Laliberte, R. E. & Bell, R. G., 1974. Mol. Pharmacol. 10: 373–380.

    Google Scholar 

  448. Siegfried, C. M., 1978. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 83: 1488–1495.

    Google Scholar 

  449. Siegfried, C. M., 1980. (see reference 482) pp. 354–360.

  450. Siefermann, D. & Yamamoto, H. Y., 1975. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 171: 70–77.

    Google Scholar 

  451. Silverman, R. B., 1980. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 102: 5421–5423.

    Google Scholar 

  452. Park, B. K., Leck, J. B. & Breckenridge, A. M., 1980. Biochem. Pharmacol. 29: 1601–1602.

    Google Scholar 

  453. Willingham, A. K. & Matschiner, J. T., 1974. Biochem. J. 140: 435–441.

    Google Scholar 

  454. Willingham, A. K., Laliberte, R. E., Bell, R. B. & Matschiner, J. T., 1976. Biochem. Pharmacol. 25: 1063–1066.

    Google Scholar 

  455. Bell, R. G., Caldwell, P. T. & Holm, E. E. T., 1976. Biochem. Pharmacol. 25: 1067–1070.

    Google Scholar 

  456. Bell, R. G. & Stark, P., 1976. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 72: 619–625.

    Google Scholar 

  457. Bell, R. G., 1978. Fed. Proc. 37: 2599–2604.

    Google Scholar 

  458. Sadowski, J. A., Schnoes, H. K. & Suttie, J. W., 1977. Biochemistry 16: 3856–3863.

    Google Scholar 

  459. Egeberg, K. & Helgeland, L., 1980. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 627: 225–229.

    Google Scholar 

  460. Friedman, P. A. & Smith, M. W., 1977. Biochem. Pharmacol. 26: 804–805.

    Google Scholar 

  461. Suttie, J. W., Gewecke, L. O., Martin, S. L., & Willingham, A. K., 1980. FEBS Lett. 109: 267–270.

    Google Scholar 

  462. Fasco, M. J. & Cashin, M. J., 1980. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 56: 101–109.

    Google Scholar 

  463. Corn, M., 1966. Thromb. Diath. Haemotol. 16: 606–612.

    Google Scholar 

  464. Huggins, C., Ford, E., Fukunishi, R. & Jensen, E. V., 1964. J. Exp. Med. 119: 943–954.

    Google Scholar 

  465. Lind, C., Vadi, H. & Ernster, L., 1978. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 190: 97–108.

    Google Scholar 

  466. Hilgard, P., Schulte, H., Wetzig, C., Schmitt, G. & Schmidt, C. G., 1977. Brit. J. Cancer 35: 78–85; 891–892.

    Google Scholar 

  467. Hilgard, P. & Maat, B., 1979. Eur. J. Cancer 15: 183–187.

    Google Scholar 

  468. Am. Inst. Nutr. Ad Hoc Comm. on Standards for Nutritional Studies, 1977. J. Nutr. 107: 1340–1348.

    Google Scholar 

  469. Partridge, G. G., 1980. Lab. Anim. 14: 193–195.

    Google Scholar 

  470. Barber, D. L. & Calvin, H. W., Jr., 1980. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 56: 8–15.

    Google Scholar 

  471. Matschiner, J. T. & Doisey, E. A., Jr., 1965. J. Nutr. 8: 93–99.

    Google Scholar 

  472. Fieser, L., 1940. J. Biol. Chem. 133: 391–396.

    Google Scholar 

  473. Johnson, B. C., 1970. The Fat-Soluble Vitamins (H. F. De Luca & J. W. Suttie, eds.) University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, Wisconsin, pp. 491–519.

  474. Suttie, J. W. & Jackson, C. W., 1977. Physiol. Rev. 57: 1–70.

    Google Scholar 

  475. Stenflo, J., 1977. New Engl. J. Med. 296: 624–625.

    Google Scholar 

  476. Suttie, J. W., 1977. Seminars in Hematology 14: 365–374.

    Google Scholar 

  477. Prydz, H., 1977. Seminars in Thrombosis & Hemostasis 4: 1–14.

    Google Scholar 

  478. Stenflo, J. & Suttie, J. W., 1977. Ann. Rev. Biochem. 46: 157–172.

    Google Scholar 

  479. Suttie, J. W., 1978. World Rev. Nutr. Diet. 31: 196–201.

    Google Scholar 

  480. Olson, R. E., 1978. World Rev. Nutr. Diet. 31: 216–225.

    Google Scholar 

  481. Stenflo, J., 1978. Adv. in Enzymol. 46: 1–32.

    Google Scholar 

  482. Olson, R. E. & Suttie, J. W., 1978. Vitamins and Hormones 35: 59–108.

    Google Scholar 

  483. Olson, R. E., 1979. TIBS 4: 118–120.

    Google Scholar 

  484. Esnouf, M., 1979. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 7: 624–627.

    Google Scholar 

  485. Suttie, J. W., 1978. The Fat Soluble Vitamins (H. F. De Luca, ed.) Plenum Press, New York, pp. 211–277.

  486. Suttie, J. W., editor, 1980. Vitamin K Metabolism and Vitamin K Dependent Proteins, University Park Press, Baltimore, Maryland.

    Google Scholar 

  487. Suttie, J. W., Canfield, L. M. & Shah, D. V., 1980. Methods in Enzymology 67F: 180–185.

    Google Scholar 

  488. Helgeland, L., 1980. Biochem. Educ. 8: 66–69.

    Google Scholar 

  489. Pugh, D. M., 1980. Vet. Sci. Comm. 4: 15–28.

    Google Scholar 

  490. Gallop, P. M., Lian, J. B. & Hauschka, P. V., 1980. New Engl. J. Med. 302: 1460–1466.

    Google Scholar 

  491. Suttie, J. W., 1980. CRC Crit. Rev. Biochem. 8: 191–223.

    Google Scholar 

  492. Suttie, J. W., 1980. TIBS 5: 302–304.

    Google Scholar 

  493. Suttie, J. W., 1978. Handbook of Lipid Research 2, The Fat Soluble Vitamins (H. F. De Luca, ed.) Plenum Press, New York, pp. 211–277.

  494. Gallop, P. M., Friedman, P. A. & Henson, E., 1980, (see reference 482) pp. 408–412.

  495. Hall, A. L., Turner, P. M., Dunkle, B. F., Wing, D. A. & Olson, R. E. (see reference 482) pp. 433–442.

  496. Koli, A. K., Yearly, C., Scott, W. & Donaldson, K. O., 1969. J. Biol. Chem. 244: 621–629.

    Google Scholar 

  497. Houser, R. M., Carey, D. J., Dus, K. M., Marshall, G. R. & Olson, R. E., 1977. FEBS Lett. 75: 226–230.

    Google Scholar 

  498. Price, P. A., Otsuka, A. S. & Poser, J. W., 1977. Calcium Binding Proteins and Calcium Function (R. H. Wasserman, editor) pp. 333–337.

  499. Price, P. A., Epstein, D. J., Lothringer, J. W., Nishimoto, S. K., Poser, J. W. & Williamson, M. K., 1980. (see reference 482) pp. 219–226.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation and The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 73104, Oklahoma City, OK, USA

    B. Connor Johnson Ph. D.

Authors
  1. B. Connor Johnson Ph. D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Connor Johnson, B. Post-translational carboxylation of preprothrombin. Mol Cell Biochem 38, 77–121 (1981). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00235690

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00235690

Keywords

Search

Navigation