Summary
Fluorescence-histochemical investigations by use of the FAGLU method show the presence of several groups of catecholamine (CA)-containing neurons in the chicken brain. The distribution, shape and orientation of the fluorescent perikarya as well as the number and orientation of primary dendrites have been systematically examined. In the chick embryo, the first neurons displaying specific catecholamine fluorescence are identifiable on the 9th day of incubation. The onset of this type of specific fluorescence is consistent with biochemical data reported in the literature for the chick embryo. The main complexes of CA-containing cell bodies, shown at medullary, pontine and mesencephalic levels, display a pattern of distribution that is quite similar in both the chicken and the rat. In the hypothalamus of chick embryos and newly hatched chicks, CA-containing neurons have been localized within the paraventricular organ, and the periventricular and mammillary regions. By the fourth week after hatching, within the hypothalamus the paraventricular organ alone continues to display fluorescent neurons.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bertler Å, Falck B, Gottfries C-G, Ljunggren L, Rosengren E (1964) Some observations on adrenergic connections between the mesencephalon and the cerebral hemispheres. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol 21:283–289
Björklund A, Falck B, Ljunggren L (1968) Monoamines in the bird median eminence. Failure of cocaine to block the accumulation of exogenous amines. Z Zellforsch 89:193–200
Blessing WW, Chalmers JP, Howe PR (1978) Distribution of catecholamine-containing cell bodies in the rabbit central nervous system. J Comp Neurol 179:407–424
Bourne BB (1965) Metabolism of amines in the brain of the chick during embryonic development. Life Sci 4:583–591
Calas A (1973) L'innervation monoaminergique de l'éminence médiane. Étude radioautographique et pharmacologique chez le canard, Anas platyrhynchos. Z Zellforsch 138:503–522
Calas A (1974) L'innervation peptidergique et monoaminergique de l'éminence médiane. Etude cytophysiologique chez les Oiseaux. Thèse, Académie de Montpellier
Calas A, Hartwig H-G, Collin JP (1974) Noradrenergic innervation of the median eminence. Microspectrofluorimetric and pharmacological study in the duck, Anas platyrhynchos. Z Zellforsch 147:491–504
Caserta M (1976) The development of noradrenergic and serotonergic innervation of the avian preganglionic sympathetic nucleus (nucleus of Terni). Doctoral dissertation, Cornell University
Caserta M, Ross LL (1978) Biochemical and morphological studies of synaptogenesis in the avian sympathetic cell column. Brain Res 144:241–255
Chikazawa H, Fujioka T, Watanabe T (1982) Catecholamine-containing neurons in the mesencephalic tegmentum of the chicken. Light, fluorescence and electron microscopic studies. Anat Embryol 164:303–313
Chikazawa H, Fujioka T, Watanabe T (1983) Bulbar catecholaminergic neurons projecting to the thoracic spinal cord of the chicken. Evans blue labelling study in combination with catecholamine histofluorescence. Anat Embryol 167:411–423
Dahlström A, Fuxe K (1964) Evidence for the existence of monoamine-containing neurons in the central nervous system. I Demonstration of monoamines in the cell bodies of brainstem neurons. Acta Physiol Scand 62 (Suppl 232): 1–55
Dubé L, Parent A (1981) The monoamine-containing neurons in avian brain: I. A study of the brain stem of the chicken (Gallus domesticus) by means of fluorescence and acetylcholinesterase histochemistry. J Comp Neurol 196:695–708
Eden AR, Correia MJ (1981) Vestibular efferent neurons and catecholamine cell groups in the reticular formation of the pigeon. Neurosci Lett 25:239–242
Furness JB, Costa M, Blessing WW (1977) Simultaneous fixation and production of catecholamine fluorescence in central nervous tissue by perfusion with aldehydes. Histochem J 9:745–750
Furness JB, Heath JW, Costa M (1978) Aqueous aldehyde (Faglu) methods for the fluorescence histochemical localization of catecholamines and for ultrastructural studies of central nervous system. Histochemistry 57:285–295
Fuxe K, Ljunggren L (1965) Cellular localization of monoamines in the upper brain stem of the pigeon. J Comp Neurol 125:355–382
Gérard-Ivanoff A (1974) Histogenèse des neurones aminergiques du diencéphale chez le poulet, Gallus gallus. Arch Anat Histol Embryol (Strasb) 57:115–134
Guglielmone R, Panzica GC (1982) Topographic, morphologic and developmental characterization of the nucleus loci coerulei in the chicken. A Golgi and fluorescence-histochemical study. Cell Tissue Res 225:95–110
Guglielmone R, Panzica GC (1983) Localization of catecholaminecontaining cell bodies in the posterior hypothalamus of chickens. Neurosci Lett Suppl 14:147 (Abstract)
Hartwig H-G (1981) Hypothalamic distribution of monoaminecontaining neurons in homeothermic vertebrates. In: Farner DS, Lederis K (eds) Neurosecretion. Molecules, cells, systems. Plenum Press, New York London, pp 93–103
Ikeda H, Gotoh J (1971) Distribution of monoamine-containing cells in the central nervous system of the chicken. Jpn J Pharmacol 21:763–784
Karten HJ, Hodos W (1967) A stereotaxic atlas of the brain of the pigeon (Columba livia). The Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore, pp
Katz DM, Karten HJ (1979) The discrete anatomical localization of vagal aortic afferents within a catecholamine-containing cell group in the nucleus solitarius. Brain Res 171:187–195
Kuenzel WJ, van Tienhoven A (1982) Nomenclature and location of avian hypothalamic nuclei and associated circumventricular organs. J Comp Neurol 206:293–313
Lewis JW, Ryan SM, Arnold AP, Butcher LL (1981) Evidence for a catecholaminergic projection to area X in the zebra finch. J Comp Neurol 196:347–354
Moore RY, Bloom FE (1978) Central catecholamine neuron systems: anatomy and physiology of the dopamine systems. Ann Rev Neurosci 1:129–169
Moore RY, Bloom FE (1979) Central catecholamine neuron systems: anatomy and physiology of the norepinephrine and epinephrine systems. Ann Rev Neurosci 2:113–168
Mugnaini E, Dahl AL (1975) Mode of distribution of aminergic fibers in the cerebellar cortex of the chicken. J Comp Neurol 162:417–432
Nobin A, Björklund A (1973) Topography of monoamine neuron systems in the human brain as revealed in fetuses. Acta Physiol Scand 88 (Suppl 388):1–40
Oksche A, Farner DS (1974) Neurohistological studies of the hypothalamo-hypophysial system of Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii (Aves, Passeriformes). With special attention to its role in the control of reproduction. Adv Anat Embryol Cell Biol 48:1–136
Olson L, Seiger A (1972) Early prenatal ontogeny of central monoamine neurons in the rat: fluorescence histochemical observations. Z Anat Entwicklungsgesch 137:301–316
Parent A (1979) Anatomical organization of monoamineand acetylcholinesterase-containing neuronal systems in the vertebrate hypothalamus. In: Morgane PJ, Panksepp J (eds) Handbook of the hypothalamus. Vol I Anatomy of the hypothalamus. Marcel Dekker, Inc, New York, Basel, pp 247–285
Pearson R (1972) The avian brain. Acad Press, London New York, pp 1–658
Prozialeck WC, Pylypiw A, Ross L (1982) Development of β-adrenergic receptors and the in vitro accumulation of cyclic AMP in the chick spinal cord. Dev Brain Res 3:49–63
Reiner A, Karten HJ, Solina AR (1983) Substance P: localization within paleostriatal-tegmental pathways in the pigeon. Neuroscience 9:61–85
Sharp PJ, Follett BK (1968) The distribution of monoamines in the hypothalamus of the Japanese quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica. Z Zellforsch 90:245–262
Sharp PJ, Follett BK (1970) The adrenergic supply within the avian hypothalamus. In: Bargmann W, Scharrer B (eds) Aspects of neuroendocrinology. Springer Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 95–103
Shiosaka S, Takatsuki K, Inagaki S, Sakanaka M, Takagi H, Senba E, Matsuzaki T, Tohyama M (1981) Topographic atlas of somatostatin-containing neuron system in the avian brain in relation to catecholamine-containing neuron system. II Mesencephalon, rhomboencephalon and spinal cord. J Comp Neurol 202:115–124
Singer HS, Coyle JT, Vernon N, Kallman CH, Price DL (1980) The development of catecholaminergic innervation in the chick spinal cord. Brain Res 191:417–428
Smolen AJ, Glazer EJ, Ross LL (1979) Horseradish peroxidase histochemistry combined with glyoxylic acid-induced fluorescence used to identify brain stem catecholaminergic neurons which project to the chick thoracic spinal cord. Brain Res 160:353–357
Specht LA, Pickel VM, Joh TH, Reis DJ (1981) Light-microscopic immunocytochemical localization of tyrosine hydroxylase in prenatal rat brain. I Early ontogeny. J Comp Neurol 199:233–253
Takatsuki K, Shiosaka S, Inagaki S, Sakanaka M, Takagi H, Senba E, Matsuzaki T, Tohyama M (1981) Topographic atlas of somatostatin-containing neuron system in the avian brain in relation to catecholamine-containing neuron system. I Telencephalon and diencephalon. J Comp Neurol 202:103–113
Tohyama M, Maeda T, Hashimoto J, Shresta GR, Tamura O, Shimizu N (1974) Comparative anatomy of the locus coeruleus. I. Organization and ascending projections of the catecholamine containing neurons in the pontine region of the bird, Melopsittacus undulatus. J Hirnforsch 15:319–330
Vigh B, Tar E, Teichmann I (1968) The development of the paraventricular organ in the white leghorn chicken. Acta Biol Acad Sci Hung 19:215–225
Warren SP (1968) Primary catecholamine fibres in the ventral hypothalamus of the white-crowned sparrow, Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii. Master's Thesis, University of Washington (cited by Sharp and Follett 1970)
Warren Soest S, Farner DS, Oksche A (1973) Fluorescence microscopy of neurons containing primary catecholamines in the ventral hypothalamus of the white-crowned sparrow, Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii. Z Zellforsch 141:1–17
Wiklund L, Leger L, Persson M (1981) Monoamine cell distribution in the cat brainstem. A fluorescence histochemical study with quantification of indolaminergic and locus coeruleus cell groups. J Comp Neurol 203:613–647
Wild JM, Zeigler P (1980) Central representation and somatotopic organization of the jaw muscles within the facial and trigeminal nuclei of the pigeon (Columba livia). J Comp Neurol 192:175–201
Yurkewicz L, Lauder JM, Giacobini E, Marchi M (1979) 3H-thymidine autoradiography as a method for dating the time of origin in the chick embryo: development of the locus coeruleuscerebellar system. Soc Neurosci Abstr 5:186
Yurkewicz L, Lauder JM, Marchi M, Giacobini E (1981 a) 3H-thymidine long survival autoradiography as a method for dating the time of neuronal origin in the chick embryo: the locus coeruleus and cerebellar Purkinje cells. J Comp Neurol 203:257–267
Yurkewicz L, Marchi M, Lauder JM, Giacobini E (1981 b) Development and aging of noradrenergic cell bodies and axon terminals in the chicken. J Neurosci Res 6:638–647
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
This investigation was supported by grants from the Italian National Research Council (CNR) No 82.02079.04 (R.G.), No 83.00492.04 (G.C.P.) and MPI (40%).
Part of this study was previously presented at the 7th ENA meeting, Hamburg, FRG, September 1983 (Guglielmone and Panzica 1983).
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Guglielmone, R., Panzica, G.C. Typology, distribution and development of the catecholamine-containing neurons in the chicken brain. Cell Tissue Res. 237, 67–79 (1984). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00229201
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00229201