Abstract
A review is given of the features of solar particle emissions which cause various terrestrial disturbances. Three types of corpuscular emissions, namely, solar cosmic rays, energetic storm protons and plasma clouds, are associated with intense solar flares. Outward streaming of the solar wind and of beams of enhanced activity originate from the quiescent solar corona. It is shown that these solar particles propagate through interplanetary space, being modulated in a systematic way by existing magnetic fields. Time variations of solar flare particle flux, and their energy spectrum, are discussed.
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General References
Sun
Jager, C. de: 1962, ‘The sun as a source of interplanetary gas’, Space Science Reviews 1, 487–521.
Kiepenheuer, K. O.: 1954, ‘Solar activity’ in The Sun, ed. by G. P. Kuiper, Univ. Chicago Press, Chicago, Ill.
Solar Cosmic Rays
Carmichael, H.: 1962, ‘High energy solar-particle events’, Space Science Reviews 1, 28–61.
Ellison, M. A., McKenna, S., and Reid, J. H.: 1961, ‘Cosmic ray flares’, Dunsink Observatory Publication 1, 53–88.
McCracken, K. G.: 1962, ‘The cosmic ray flare effect I, II and III’, J. Geophys. Res. 67, 423–458.
Simpson, J. A.: 1960, ‘Variations of solar origin in the primary cosmic radiation’, Astrophys. J., Suppl. 4, No. 44, 378–405.
Polar Cap Absorptions and Ionosphere
Leinbach, H.: 1962, ‘Interpretations of the time variations of polar cap absorption associated with solar cosmic ray bombardments’, Geophys. Inst. Univ. Alaska, Sci. Rep. No. 3, May, 1962.
Obayashi, T.: 1963, ‘Morphology of storms in the ionosphere’, Proc. Symposium on Result of the IGY/IGC, Los Angeles, Aug. 1963.
Rose, D. C. and Ziauddin, S.: 1962, ‘The polar cap absorption effect’, Space Science Reviews 1, 115–134.
Geomagnetic Storms
Chapman, S.: 1962, ‘Solar plasma, geomagnetism and aurora’, Geophysic: Les Houches 1962, Gordon Breach Sci. Pub., New York.
Gold, T.: 1962, ‘Magnetic storms’, Space Science Reviews 1, 100–114.
Parker, E. N.: 1962, ‘Dynamics of the geomagnetic storm’. Space Science Reviews 1, 62–99.
Interplanetary Gas and Magnetic Fields
Biermann, L.: 1961, ‘The solar wind and the interplanetary media’, Space Astrophysics, ed. by W. Liller, McGraw-Hill, New York.
Gold, T.: 1960, ‘Energetic particles fluxes in the solar system and near the earth’, Astrophys. J. Suppl. 4, No. 44, 406–416.
Lüst, R.: 1962, ‘Interplanetary plasma’, Space Science Reviews 1, 522–552.
Parker, E. N.: 1961, ‘Dynamics of interplanetary gas and magnetic fields’, Space Astrophysics, ed. by W. Liller, McGraw-Hill, New York.
Parker, E. N.: 1962, ‘Kinetic properties of interplanetary matter’, Planet. Space Sci. 9, 461–475.
Piddington, J. H.: 1962, ‘The cis-lunar geomagnetic field’, Planet. Space Sci. 6, 305–318.
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Obayashi, T. The streaming of solar flare particles and plasma in interplanetary space. Space Sci Rev 3, 79–108 (1964). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00226645
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00226645