Skip to main content
Log in

Radio aurora

  • Published:
Space Science Reviews Aims and scope Submit manuscript

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

References

  • Akasofu, S.: 1960, ‘Large-scale auroral motions and polar magnetic disturbances’, J. Atm. Terr. Phys. 19, 10–25. (See also Ibid. 24, 723–729).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Akasofu, S.: 1963, ‘The dynamical morphology of the aurora polaris’, J. Geophys, Res. 68, 1667–1673.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Appleton, E. V., Naismith, R., Ingram, L. J.: 1937, ‘British radio observation during the Second International Polar Year, 1932–33’. Phil. Transact. Roy. Soc. A 236, 191–259.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Aspinall, A. and Hawkins, G. S.: 1950, ‘Radio-echo reflections from the aurora borealis’, J. Brit. Astr. Assoc. 60, 130–135.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barber, D., Scitcliffe, H. K., and Watkins, C. D.: 1962, ‘Some observations of meteors and aurorae at 300 and 500 Mc/s using a large radio telescope. II. Observations of the aurora borealis’, J. Atm. Terr. Phys. 24, 599–609.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Bates, D. R.: 1960, ‘General character of auroras’, Physics of the Upper Atmosphere (J. A. RatCliffe, ed.,), Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Birfeld, J. G.: 1957, ‘Radio locational reflections from aurora borealis’, Izv. Akad. Nauk. S.S.S.R. Ser. Geofiz. 4, 543–547.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blamont, J. E.: 1963, ‘Turbulence in the atmosphere between 90 and 130 km of altitude’, Planet. Space Phys. 10, 89–101.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Blevis, B. C. and Cameron, E. A.: 1958, ‘Further data on radar returns from aurora at 488 Mc/s’, Rep. No. 44–2–2. Def. Res. Telecom. Est., Ottawa. (Cf. also J. Geophys. Res. 63, 867–868).

    Google Scholar 

  • Booker, H. G.: 1956, ‘A theory of scattering by nonisotropic irregularities with application to radar reflections from the aurora’, J. Atm. Terr. Phys. 8, 204–221.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Booker, H. G.: 1960, ‘Radar studies of the aurora’, Physics of the upper atmosphere (J. A. Ratcliffe, ed.), Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Booker, H. G., Gartlein, C. W., and Nichols, B.: 1955, ‘Interpretations of radio reflections from the aurora’, J. Geophys. Res. 60, 1–22.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Bowles, K. L.: 1952, ‘The fading rate of ionospheric reflections from the aurora borealis at 50 Mc/s’, J. Geophys. Res. 57, 191–194.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Bowles, K. L.: 1954, ‘Doppler shifted radio echoes from aurora’, J. Geophys. Res. 59, 553–555.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Bowles, K. L.: 1955, ‘Some recent experiments with radio echoes from aurora and their possible significance in the theory of magnetic storms and aurora’, School of Elec. Engng., Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bullough, K.: 1961, ‘Radio-echo observations of the aurora in Terre Adelie’, Ann. de Géophys. 17, 195–231; 18, 1–13 and 178–197.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Bullough, K. and Kaiser, T. R.: 1954, ‘Radio reflections from aurora’, J. Atm. Terr. Phys. 5, 189–200.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Bullough, K., and Kaiser, T. R.: 1955, ‘Radio reflection from aurorae II’, J. Atm. Terr. Phys. 6, 198–214.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Bullough, K., Davidson, T. W., Kaiser, T. R., and Watkins, C. D.: 1957, ‘Radio reflections from aurorae’, J. Atm. Terr. Phys. 11, 237–254.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Buneman, O.: 1963, ‘Excitation of field alligned sound waves by electron streams’, Phys. Rev. Lett. 10, 285–287.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Cain, J. C.,: 1953, ‘Auroral radio-echo table and diagram for a station in geomagnetic latitude 56°’, J. Geophys. Res. 58, 377–380.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Chamberlain, J. W.: 1961, Physics of the aurora and airglow, Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, S.: 1952, ‘The geometry of radio echoes from aurorae’, J. Atm. Terr. Phys. 3, 1–29.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, J. H., Blevis, B. C., Green, F. O., Gerson, H. V., and Cameron, E. A.: 1958, ‘Preliminary data on radar returns from aurora at 488 Mc/s’, Def. Res. Est., Ottawa, RPL Project, Rep. No. 44-2-1.

  • Chapman, J. H.: 1961, ‘Radio observations of the aurora’, URSI Special Report No. 6 Elsevier Publ. Comp.

  • Clayton, H. H.: 1940, ‘Auroras and sunspots’, Terr. Magn. 45, 13–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Collins, C. and Forsyth, P. A.: 1959, ‘A bistatic radio investigation of auroral ionization’, J. Atm. Terr. Phys. 13, 315–345.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Currie, B. W., Forsyth, P. A., and Vawter, F. E.: 1953, ‘Radio reflections from aurora’, J. Geophys. Res. 58, 179–200.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Dyce, R.: 1955, ‘VHF auroral and sporadic E propagation’, Trans. Inst. Radio Engnrs. PGAP-3, 76–80. (See also QAT. (1955), 11–20).

  • Dyce, R., Dolphin, L. T., Leadabrand, R. L., and Long, R. A..: 1959, ‘Auroral-like radar echoes observed from 17 latitude’, J. Geophys. Res. 64, 1815–1818.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Eastwood, E., Isted, G. A., and Bell, J. D.: 1961, ‘Radar echoes from the aurora at 1300 Mc/s’. Nature 189, 115–117.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Egeland, A.: 1961, ‘Drift motions of auroral ionization’, Scientific Report No. 7, Kiruna Geophysical Observatory.

  • Egeland, A.: 1962a, ‘Studies of auroral reflections in the VHF band. I. Experimental investigations, with special regard to time variations, fading rate, azimuthal distributions, and polarization characteristics’, Arkiv för Geofysik 4, 6, 103–169.

    Google Scholar 

  • Egeland, A.: 1962b, ‘Studies of auroral reflections in the VHF band. II. Comparison of experimental results with theoretical models’. Arkiv för Geofysik, 4, 7, 171–209.

    Google Scholar 

  • Egeland, A., Hultqvist, B., and Ortner, J.: 1960, ‘A day-time maximum of oblique auroral reflections observed in the auroral zone’, Nature 185, 519–521.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Egeland, A., Ortner, J., and Hultqvist, B.: 1962, ‘A study of the statistics of VHF oblique auroral reflections’, Ann. de Geophys. 18, 23–44.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Eshleman, V. R.: 1952, Tech. Rept. No. 49, Electronics Research Laboratory, Stanford University, California.

    Google Scholar 

  • Farley, D. T.: 1963, ‘Two-streams plasma instability as a source of irregularities in the ionosphere’, Phys. Rev. Lett. 10, 279–282.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Flood, W. A.: 1960, ‘Simultaneous VHF auroral backscatter measurements’, J. Geophvs. Res. 65, 2261–2268.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Forsyth, P. A.: 1953, ‘Radio measurements and auroral electron densities’, J. Geophys. Res. 58, 53–66.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Forsyth, P. A.: 1960, ‘On the geometry of radio reflections from aurora’, Can. J. Phys. 38, 593–603.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Forsyth, P. A.: 1961, ‘On the association of radio reflections with optical aurora’, Can. J. Phys. 39, 1721–1724.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Forsyth, P. A. and Vogan, E. L.: 1957, ‘The frequency of radio reflection from aurora’, J. Atm. Terr. Phys. 10, 215–228.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Forsyth, P. A., Green, F. D., and Mah, W.: 1960, ‘The distribution of radio-aurora in central Canada’, Can. J. Phys. 38, 770–778.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Fricker, S. J., Ingalls, R. P., Stone, M. L., and Wang, S. C.: 1957, ‘UHF auroral observations’, J. Geophys. Res. 62, 527–546.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Gadsen, M.: 1959, ‘Studies of the upper atmosphere from Invercargill, New Zealand. Parts II and III’, Ann. de Géophys. 15, 395–411.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Gadsen, M.: 1960, Studies of the upper atmosphere from Invercargill, New Zealand. Part V. ‘The frequency of occurrence of aurora and its dependence on magnetic activity and temperate functions’, Ann. de Géophys. 16, 88–104.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Gartlein, C. W., Sprague, G., and Wagg, R. C.: 1960, ‘41 Mc/s IGY auroral radar at Ithaca, New York’, J. Geophys. Res. 65, 2255–2259.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Greenhow, J. S., Neufeld, E. L., and Watkins, C. D.: 1960, ‘The scattering of 36 Mc/s radio waves by weak auroral ionization’, J. Atm. Terr. Phys. 18, 174–180.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Groth, L. H., Anderson, L. J., Easerbrook, C. C., and Burdette, L. R.: 1964, ‘S-band auroral radar returns’, J. Geophys. Res. 69, 194–196.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Harang, L.: 1951, The aurora, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harang, L. and Stoffregen, W.: 1940, ‘Echoversuche auf Ultrakurz-Wellen’, Hochfreq. u. Elektroak. 55, 105–108; and Nature 142, 832–833.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harang, L. and Landmark, B.: 1954, ‘Radio echoes observed during aurorae and geomagnetic storms using 35 and 74 Mc/s waves simultaneously’, J. Atm. Terr. Phys. 4, 322–338.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Harang, L. and Tröim, J.: 1959, ‘Determination of the angle of arrival of auroral echoes’, J. Atm. Terr. Phys. 14, 107–110.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Harang, L. and Tröim, J.: 1960, Investigation of auroral echoes. Part II; Norwegian Def. Res. Est. Intern Report T-200.

  • Harang, L. and Tröim, J.: 1961, ‘Studies of auroral echoes’, Plan. Space Sci. 5, 33–45.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hellgren, G. and Meos, J.: 1952, ‘Localization of aurorae with 10 m high power radar technique, using a rotating antenna’, Tellus 23, 249–261.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Herlofson, N.: 1947, ‘Interpretation of radio echoes from polar auroras’, Nature 160, 867–868.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Herlofson, N.: 1951, ‘Plasma resonance in ionospheric irregularities’, Arkiv för Fysik 3, 247–297.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Hultqvist, B.: 1962, ‘On the orientation of quiet auroral forms’, J. Atm. Terr. Phys. 24, 17–30.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hultqvist, B.: 1963, ‘Studies of ionospheric absorption of radio waves by the cosmic noise method’, Radio-astronomical and Satellite Studies of the Atmosphere (ed. by J. Aarons), North Holland Publishing Co., Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hultqvist, B. and Ortner, J.: 1959, ‘Strongly absorbing layers below 50 km’, Plan. Space Sci. 1, 193–204.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Jesperson, M., Petersen, O., Rybner, J., Bjelland, B., Holt, O., and Landmark, B.: 1963, ‘Electron density and collision frequency observations in the D-region during auroral absorption’, NSRC Report No. 3, Norway.

  • Kaiser, T. R.: 1956, ‘Radio investigation of aurorae and related phenomena’, The Airglow and the Aurorae (E. B. Armstrong and A. Dalgarno, eds.), Pergamon Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaiser, T. R., and Closs, R. L.: 1952, Phil. Mag. 43, 1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kavadas, A. and Glass, D. G.: 1959, ‘Polarization of radar echoes from aurora’, Can. J. Phys. 37, 690–697.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kiruna Geophysical Data, 1959–62. Kiruna Geophysical Observatory.

  • Krasovskii, V. I., Shklovski, I. S., Galperin, Yu. I., Svetlitskii, E. M., Kushnir, Yu. M., and Bordovskii, G. A.: 1962, ‘The detection of electrons with energies of approximately 10 kev in the upper atmosphere’, Plan. Space. Sci. 9, 27–40.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Lassen, K.: 1963, ‘Geographical distribution and temporal variations of polar aurorae’, Del Danske Meteorologiske Institut, No. 16.

  • Leadabrand, R. L.: 1955, ‘Radio echoes from aurorae ionization detected at relatively low geomagnetic latitudes’, Techn. Rep. No. 98, Radio Prop. Lab., Stanford University, Stanford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leadabrand, R. L.: 1961, ‘A note on the disposition of day-time auroral ionization in space’, J. Geoph. Res. 66, 421–428.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Leadabrand, R. L.: 1964, ‘Electromagnetic measurements of auroras’, Paper presented at the Lockheed symposium on auroras in Palo Alto, California, 16–17 January 1964.

  • Leadabrand, R. L., Dolphin, L. T., and Peterson, A. M.: 1959, ‘Preliminary results of the 400 Mc radar investigations of auroral echoes at College, Alaska’, IRE Trans. Ant. and Prop. AP-7, 127–136.

  • Leadabrand, R. L., Jaye, W. E., and Dyce, R. B.: 1961. ‘A note on the 106.1 Mc/s auroral echoes detected at Stanford following the solar event of November 12, 1960’, J. Geophys. Res. 66, 1069–1072.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Leonard, R. S.: 1961, ‘Distribution of radar auroras over Alaska’, Sci. Rep. No. 9, College, Alaska.

  • Little, C. G., Rayton, W. M., and Roof, R. B.: 1956, ‘Review of ionospheric effect at VHF and UHF’, Proc. IRE 44, 992–1018.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lockwood, L. K.: 1961, ‘Determination of radar auroral heights with the Prince Albert radar’, Can. J. Phys. 39, 1725–1728.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Lovell, A. C. B., Clegg, J. A., and Ellyett, C. D.: 1947, ‘Radio echoes from the aurora borealis’, Nature 160, 372–373.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Lyon, G. F.: 1960, ‘The association of visible auroral forms with radar echoes’, Can. J. Phys. 38, 384–389.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Lyon, G. F.: 1962, ‘The effect of absorption and multiple scattering of radio-auroral reflections’, Can. J. Phys. 40, 739–748.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Lyon, G. F. and Kavadas, A.: 1958, ‘Horizontal motions in radar echoes from aurora’, Can. J. Phys. 36, 1661–1671.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Lyon, G. F., and Forsyth, P. A.: 1962, ‘Radio-auroral reflection mechanisms’, Can. J. Phys. 40, 749–757.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Martel, F. E. and Pogorelov, V. I.: 1958, ‘On the connection between the auroral luminosities and their radar reflections’, Izv. Akad. Nauk. USSR, Sci. Geofiz. 8, 1052–1054.

    Google Scholar 

  • McNamara, A. G.: 1955, ‘Double-Doppler radar investigations of aurora’, J. Geophys. Res. 60, pp 257–269.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • McNamara, A. G.: 1962, Personal communication to Moorcroft (1961) and Egeland (1962b).

  • McNamara, A. G. andCurrie, B. W.: 1954, ‘Polarization of radio echoes from aurorae’, Nature 174, 1153–1155.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Meinel, A. B., Negaard, B. J., and Chamberlain, J. W.: 1954, ‘A statistical analysis of low-latitude aurorae’. J. Geophys. Res. 59, 407–413.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Meos, J. and Olwing, S.: 1958, ‘On the origin of radar echoes associated with auroral activity’, Rep. No. 43, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moorcroft, D. R.: 1961, ‘Models of auroral ionization. Part I and II’. Can. J. Phys. 39, 677–715.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, R. K.: 1951, ‘A VHF propagation phenomenon associated with aurora’, J. Geophys. Res. 56, 97–106.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Nakata, Y.: 1958, ‘Auroral echoes in the ionograms obtained in the minauroral region’, Rep. Ionospheric Res. Japan 12, 1–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nichols, B.: 1957, ‘Drift motions of auroral ionization’. Sci. Rep. No. 1, Geoph. Inst., College, Alaska. (See J. Atm. Terr. Phys. 11, 292–293, and Proc. IRE 47, 245–254).

    Google Scholar 

  • Nikolskij, A. P.: 1962, ‘The possible reason for irregular motion of the ionization clouds connected with aurora’. Trudy AANJJ 241, 28–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • O'Brien, B. J. and Laughlin, C. D.: 1962, ‘An extremely intense electron flux at 100 km altitude in the auroral zone’, J. Geophys. Res. 67, 2667–2672.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Omholt, A.: 1954, ‘Electron density in the E-layer during auroral displays deduced from measurements of absolute brightness of the auroral luminosity’. J. Atm. Terr. Phys. 5, 243–244.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Omholt, A.: 1959, ‘Studies on the excitation of auroral borealis’, Geofys. Publik. 20, No. 11 and 21, Geophysica Norwegica.

  • Ortner, J., Egeland, A., and Hultqvist, B.: 1961, ‘The great earth storms in November 1960 as observed at Kiruna Geophysical Observatory’, Space Research 2, Proceedings. North Holland Publishing Company.

  • Peterson, A. M., Villard, O. G., Leadabrand, R. L., and Gallagher, P. B.: 1955, ‘Regular-observable aspect-sensitivity of radio reflections from ionization aligned with the Earth's magnetic field’, J. Geophys. Res. 60, 497–512.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Pogorelov, V. I.: 1958, ‘Radar echoes from the aurora’, Izv. Akad. Nauk. USSR, Ser. Geofiz. 8, 1048–1051.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ratcliffe, J. A., 1960, The Magneto-ionic Theory and its Applications to the Ionosphere. Cambridge University Press.

  • Rice, O. S.: 1944, ‘Mathematical analysis of random noise’, Bell Syst. Techn. J. 23, 282; 24, 46.

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Rice, O. S.: 1954, ‘Mathematical analysis of random noise’, Selected papers on noise and stochastic processes (Wax, J., ed.), Dover publications, Inc., New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schlobohm, J. C., Leadabrand, R. L., Dyce, R. B., Dolphin, L. T., and Berg, M. R.: 1959, ‘High-altitude 106.1 Mc radio echoes from auroral ionization detected at a geomagnetic latitude of 43°’, J. Geophys. Res. 64, 1191–1196.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Seed, T. J., 1958: VHF observation on the aurora australis. J. Geophys. Res. 63, 517–526.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Seed, T. J. and Ellyett, C. D.: 1958, ‘Low-latitude reflections from the aurora australis’. Austral. J. Phys. 11, 126–129.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Seddon, J. C. and Jackson, J. E.: 1958, Presented at the Fifth General Assembly of CSAGI in Moscow, August 1958. The electron density profile is reproduced on p. 107 of the review paper by H. E. Newell, Jr.: ‘The upper atmosphere studied by rockets and satellites’, in Physics of the upper atmosphere (J. A. Ratcliffe ed.), Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stoffregen, W.: 1961, ‘The east-west drift of auroral forms determined from all-sky camera films’, J. Atm. Terr. Phys. 21, 257–259.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Störmer, C.: 1955, ‘The Polar Aurora’, Clarendon Press, Oxford.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Unwin, R. S.: 1958, ‘Studies of the upper atmosphere from Invercargill, New Zealand. Part I. Characteristics of auroral radar echoes at 55 Mc/sec’. Ann. de Géophys. 15, 377–394; and Nature 183, 1044–1046.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Unwin, R. S. and Gadsden, M.: 1957, ‘Determination of auroral height by radar’, Nature 180, 1469–1471.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Watkins, C. D.: 1960, ‘The height and geometry of auroral radio echoes’, J. Atm. Terr. Phys. 19, 1–9.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Watkins, C. D.: 1961, ‘Temporal variations of auroral radio-echo activity in sub-auroral latitudes’, J. Atm. Terr. Phys. 20, 140–149.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Hultqvist, B., Egeland, A. Radio aurora. Space Sci Rev 3, 27–78 (1964). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00226644

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00226644

Keywords

Navigation