Abstract
A genetic map of Magnaporthe grisea (anamorph=Pyricularia oryzae and P. grisea), the causal agent of rice blast disease, was generated from segregation data utilizing 97 RFLP markers, two isoenzyme loci and the mating type locus among progeny of a cross between parental strains Guy 11 and 2539. Of the seven chromosomes of M. Grisea, three were resolved by contour-clamped homogeneous electric field (CHEF) electrophoresis, while the remaining four migrated as two doublet bands. By utilizing differences between CHEF mobilities of unresolved chromosomes from the parental strains, Southern analysis with selected markers allowed the chromosomal assignment of all linkage groups. A small translocation involving 1 marker was found in the parental strains used to produce the segregating population from which the map was constructed. Nine classes of repetitive DNA elements were found in the genome of a fungal isolate pathogenic to rice. These occurred only a few times or not at all in the genomes of isolates showing reduced virulence on rice. One repetitive DNA was shown to have structural similarity to the Alu sequences found in primates, a sequence similarity to the copia-like elements of Drosophila, and peptide similarity to transposable elements found in Drosophila, other fungi, and higher plants.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Amasino R (1986) Acceleration of nucleic acid hybridization rate by polyethylene glycol. Anal Biochem 152:304–307
Botstein D, White RL, Skolnick M, Davis RW (1980) Construction of a genetic linkage map in man using restriction fragment length polymorphisms. Am Hum Genet 32:314–331
Budde AD, Smith JR, Farman ML, Skinner DZ, Leong SA (1993) Genetic map and molecular karyotype of the blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea. In: O'Brien SJ (ed) Genetic maps, 6th edn. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y, pp 3.110–3.111
Chu G, Vollrath D, Davis RW (1986) Separation of large DNA molecules by contour-clamped homogeneous electric fields. Science 234:1582–1585
Chumley FG, Valent B (1990) Genetic analysis of melanin deficient, nonpathogenic mutants of Magnaporthe grisea. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 3:135–143
Deininger PL (1989) SINEs: Short interspersed repeated DNA elements in higher eucaryotes. In: Berg DE, Howe MM (eds) Mobile DNA. Am Soc Microbiol, Washington D.C., pp 619–636
Feinberg AP, Vogelstein B (1984) A technique for radiolabeling DNA restriction fragments to a high specific activity. Anal Biochem 132:6–13
Froeliger E, Leong SA (1991) The a mating-type alleles of Ustilago maydis are idiomorphs. Gene 100:113–122
Garber RC, Yoder OC (1983) Isolation of DNA from filamentous fungi and separation into nuclear, mitochondrial, ribosomal and plasmid components. Anal Biochem 135:416–422
Giasson L, Specht CA, Milgrim C, Novotny CP, Ullrich RC (1989) Cloning and comparison of A mating-type alleles of the basidiomycete Schizophyllum commune. Mol Gen Genet 218:72–77
Glass NL, Vollmer SJ, Staben C, Grotelueschen J, Metzenberg RL, Yanosfsky C (1988) DNAs of the two mating type alleles of Neurospora crassa are highly dissimilar. Science 241:570–573
Hamer JE, Howard RJ, Chumley FG, Valent B (1988) A mechanism for surface attachment in spores of a fungal plant pathogen. Science 239:288–290
Hamer JE, Farrell L, Orbach MJ, Valent B, Chumley F (1989) Host species-specific conservation of a family of repeated DNA sequences in the genome of a fungal plant pathogen. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86:9981–9985
Hebert TT (1971) The perfect stage of Pyricularia grisea. Phytopathol 61:83–87
Howard RJ, Ferrari MA (1989) The role of melanin in appresorium formation. Exp Mycol 14:403–418
Inouye S, Yuki S, Saigo K (1986) Complete nucleotide sequence and genomic organization of a Drosophila transposable genetic element, 297. Eur J Biochem 154:417–425
Kolmer JA, Ellingboe AH (1988) Genetic relationships between fertility, pathogenicity and virulence to rice in Magnaporthe grisea. Can J Bot 66:891–897
Koob M, Szybalski W (1992) Preparing and using agarose microbeads. Methods Enzymol 216:13–20
Lander ES, Green P, Abrahamson J, Barlow A, Daly MJ, Lincoln SE, Newburg L (1987) Mapmaker: An interactive computer package for constructing primary genetic linkage maps of experimental and natural populations. Genomica 1:174–181
Landry S, Michelmore RW (1985) Selection of probes for restriction fragment length analysis from plant genomic clones. Plant Mol Biol Rep 3:174–179
Leung H, Taga M (1988) Magnaporthe grisea (Pyricularia species), the blast fungus. Adv Plant Pathol 6:175–188
Leung H, Williams PH (1985) Genetic analysis of electrophoretic enzyme variants, mating type, and hermaphroditism in Pyricularia oryzae Cavara. Can J Genet Cytol 27:697–704
Leung H, Willams PH (1987) Nuclear division and chromosome behavior during meiosis and ascosporogenesis in Pyricularia oryzae. Can J Bot 65:112–123
Leung H, Borromeo ES, Bernardo MA, Notteghem JL (1988) Genetic analysis of virulence in the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea. Phytopathol 78:1227–1233
Leung H, Lehtinen U, Karjalainen R, Skinner D, Tooley P, Leong S, Ellingboe A (1990) Transformation of the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea to hygromycin B resistance. Curr Genet 17:409–411
Levin HL, Weaver DC, Boeke JD (1990) Two related families of retrotransposons from Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Mol Cell Biol 10:6791–6798
Maniatis T, Fritsch EF, and Sambrook J (1982) Molecular cloning. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.
Manicom BQ, Bar-Joseph M, Rosner A, Vigodsky-Haas H, Kotze JM (1987) Potential applications of random DNA probes and restriction fragment length polymorphisms in the taxonomy of the Fusaria. Phytopathology 77:669–672
May G, Chevanton L, Pukkila PJ (1991) Molecular cloning of the Coprinus cinereus mating type A factor demonstrates an unexpectedly complex structure. Genetics 128:529–538
McCluskey K, Mills D (1990) Identification and characterization chromosome length polymorphisms among strains representing fourteen races of Ustilago hordei. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 3:366–373
McDonald BA, Martinez JP (1991) Chromosome length polymorphisms in a Septoria tritici population. Curr Genet 19:265–271
McHale MT, Roberts IN, Noble SM, Beaumont C, Whitehead MP, Seth D, Oliver RP (1992) CfT-1: an LTR-retrotransposon in Cladosporium fulvum, a fungal pathogen of tomato. Mol Gen Genet 233:337–347
Michelmore RW, Hulbert SH (1987) Molecular markers for genetic analysis of phytopathogenic fungi. Ann Rev Phytopathol 25:383–404
Mutasa ES, Tymon AM, Gottgen B, Mellon FM, Little PFR, Casselton LA (1990) Molecular organization of an A mating type factor of the basidiomycete fungus Coprinus cinereus. Curr Genet 18:223–229
Nagakubo TM, Taga M, Tsuda M, Ueyama A (1983) Genetic linkage relationships in Pyricularia oryzae. Mem Coll Agric Kyoto Univ 122:75–83
Orbach M, Vollrath D, Davis RW, Yanofsky C (1988) An electrophoretic karyotype of Neurospora crassa. Mol Cell Biol 8:1469–1473
Ou SH (1985) Rice diseases, 2nd edn. Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, Surrey, UK
Parsons KA, Chumley FG, Valent B (1987) Genetic transformation of the fungal pathogen responsible for rice blast disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84:4161–4165
Romao J, Hamer JE (1992) Genetic organization of a repeated DNA sequence family in the rice blast fungus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:5316–5320
Saigo K, Kugimiya W, Matsuo Y, Inouye S, Yoshioka K, Yuki S (1984) The identification of the coding sequence for a reverse transcriptase-like enzyme in a transposable genetic element in Drosophila melanogaster. Nature 312:659–661
Schwartz DC Cantor CR (1984) Separation of yeast chromosome-sized DNAs by pulsed field gradient gel electrophoresis. Cell 37:67–75
Skinner DZ, Leung H, Leong SA (1988) Towards genetic mapping and molecular cloning of virulence genes in Magnaporthe grisea. In: Abstracts of Papers, 5th Int Cong Plant Pathol, Kyoto, Japan, p 256
Skinner DZ, Leung H, Leong SA (1990) Genetic map of the blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea. In: O'Brien SJ (ed) Genetic maps, 5th edn. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., pp 3.82–3.83
Smyth DR, Kalitsis P, Joseph JL, Sentry JW (1988) A plant retrotransposon from Lilium henryi is related to Ty3 of yeast and the gypsy group of Drosophila. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86:5015–5019
Southern EM (1975) Detection of specific sequences among DNA fragments separated by electrophoresis. J Mol Biol 98:503–517
Steele PE, Carle GF, Kobayashi GF, Medoff G (1989) Electrophoretic analysis of Histoplasma capsulatum chromosomal DNA. Mol Cell Biol 9:983–987
Sweigard JA, Valent B, Orbach MJ, Walter AM, Rafalski A, Chumley FG (1993) Genetic map of the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea. In: O'Brien SJ (ed) Genetic maps, 6th edn. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., pp 3.112–3.115
Talbot NJ, Salch YP, Ma M, Hamer J (1993) Karyotypic variation within clonal lineages of the rice blast fungus, Magnaporthe grisea. Appl Environ Microbiol 59:585–593
Tzeng T, Lyngholm LK, Ford CF, Bronson C (1991) A restriction fragment length polymorphism map and electrophoretic karyotype of the fungal maize pathogen Cochliobolus heterostrophus. Genetics 130:81–96
Valent B, Crawford MS, Weaver CG, Chumley FG (1986) Genetic studies of fertility and pathogenicity in Magnaporthe grisea (Pyricularia oryzae). Iowa State J Res 60: 569–594
Valent B, Farrall L, Chumley FG (1991) Magnaporthe grisea genes for pathogenicity and virulence identified through a series of backcrosses. Genetics 127:87–101
Yaegashi H, Hebert TT (1976) Perithecial development and nuclear behavior in Pyricularia. Phytopathology 66: 122–126
Yaegashi H, Udagawa S (1978) The taxonomical identity of the perfect state of Pyricularia grisea and its allies. Can J Bot 56:180–183
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
Communicated by D. R. Pring
The mention of a trademark, proprietary product, or vendor anywhere in this paper does not constitute a guarantee or warranty of the product by the USDA-ARS and does not imply its approval to the exclusion of other products or vendors that also may be suitable
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Skinner, D.Z., Budde, A.D., Farman, M.L. et al. Genome organization of Magnaporthe grisea: genetic map, electrophoretic karyotype, and occurrence of repeated DNAs. Theoret. Appl. Genetics 87, 545–557 (1993). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00221877
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00221877