Abstract
Three-dimensional air motion, observed with radar in a convective planetary boundary layer under light wind conditions, is organized in cellular structures scaled from 2 to 5 km; simultaneous acoustic echosonde measurements indicate that near the ground there are smaller cells than those observable by the radar. At heights of 400 m, cell scales become as large as those observable by the radar. Pressure fluctuations at the ground measured with spatial pressure transducers, at the same time as the radar and echosonde observations, traveled at the same speed and direction as the radar volume-averaged wind. The length scale determined at the ground with pressure fluctuation data was between 1.2 and 2.4 km, smaller than the largest radar-measured motion scales.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bean, B. R., Frisch, A. S., McAllister, L. G., and Pollard, J. R.: 1973, Planetary Boundary-layer Turbulence Studies from Acoustic Echo Sounder and in situ Measurements, Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 4, 449–474.
Beran, D. W. and Hall, F. F., Jr.: 1973, ‘Remote Sensing Applications in Air Pollution Meteorology’, ISA Proc. 2nd Joint Conf. on Sensing of Environmental Pollutants, 231–246.
Beran, D. W., Little, C. G., and Willmarth, B. C.: 1971, Acoustic Doppler Measurements of Vertical Velocities in the Atmosphere, Nature 230, 160–162.
Burg, J. P.: 1967, ‘Maximum Entropy Spectral Analysis’, 37th Annual Intl. SEG Meeting, Oklahoma City, Okla.
Chen, W. Y. and Stegen, G. R.: 1974, Experiments with Maximum Entropy Power Spectra of Sinusoids, J. Geophys. Res. 79, 3019–3022.
Cook, R. K. and Bedard, A. J.: 1971, On the Measurement of Infrasound, Geophys. J. R. Astr. Soc. 26, 5–11.
Emmanuel, C. B., Bean, B. R., McAllister, L. G., and Pollard, J. R.: 1972, Observations of Helmholtz Waves in the Lower Atmosphere with an Acoustic Sounder, J. Atmos. Sci. 29, 886–892.
Fitzjarrald, D. E.: 1975, A Field Observation of Atmospheric Free Convection, submitted to J. Appl. Meteorol.
Frisch, A. S. and Businger, J. A.: 1973, A Study of Convective Elements in the Atmospheric Surface Layer, Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 3, 301–328.
Frisch, A. S. and Clifford, S. F.: 1974, A Study of Convection Capped by a Stable Layer Using Doppler Radar and Acoustic Echo Sounders, J. Atmos. Sci. 31, 1622–1628.
Frisch, A. S., Miller, L. J., and Strauch, R. G.: 1974, Three-Dimensional Air Motion Measured in Snow, Geophys. Res. Letters 1, 86–89.
Gossard, E. E. and Hooke, W. H.: 1975, Waves in the Atmosphere, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 456 pp.
Grossman, R. L.: 1973, ‘An Aircraft Investigation of Turbulence in the Lower Layers of the Marine Boundary Layer’, Ph. D. Dissertation, Colorado State University, 182 pp.
Hardy, K. R. and Ottersten, H.: 1969, Radar Investigation of Convective Patterns in the Clear Atmosphere, J. Atmos. Sci. 26, 666–672.
Hooke, R. H., Hall, F. F. Jr., and Gossard, E. E.: 1973, Observed Generation of an Atmospheric Gravity Wave by Shear Instability in the Mean Flow of the Planetary Boundary Layer, Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 5, 29–41.
Kjelaas, A. G. andOchs, G. R.: 1974, Study of Convergence in the Boundary Layer Using Optical Propagation Techniques, J. Appl. Meteorol. 13, 242–248.
Kjelaas, A. G., Gossard, E. E., Young, J. M., and Moninger, W. R.: 1975, Dispersion and Spectra of Gravity Waves Probably Generated by a Convective Storm, Tellus 27, 25–32.
Konrad, T. G.: 1970, The Dynamics of the Convective Process in Clear Air as Seen by Radar, J. Atmos. Sci. 27, 1138–1147.
Kropfli, R. A. and Miller, L. J.: 1974, ‘Dual-Doppler Radar Measurements Within a Hail Producing Storm in Northeast Colorado’, Preprints, AMS Conf. on Cloud Physics, 227–282.
LaCoss, R. T.: 1971, Data Adaptive Spectral Analysis Methods, Geophysics 36, 661–675.
LeMone, M. A.: 1973, The Structure and Dynamics of Horizontal Roll Vortices in the Planetary Boundary Layer, J. Atmos. Sci. 30, 1077–1091.
Lenschow, D. H.: 1970, Airplane Measurements of Planetary Boundary Layer Structure, J. Appl. Meteorol. 9, 874–884.
Lhermitte, R. M. and Miller, L. J.: 1970, ‘Doppler Radar Methodology for Observation of Convective Storms’, Preprints, AMS Proc. 14th Radar Meteor. Conf., 133–138.
Little, C. G.: 1969, Acoustic Methods for the Remote Probings of the Lower Atmosphere, Special Issue on Remote Environ. Sensing. Proc. IEEE-7, 571–578.
Lumley, J. L. and Panofsky, H. A.: 1964, The Structure of Atmospheric Turbulence, Wiley, London, 239 pp.
Markel, J. D.: 1972, Digital Inverse Filtering - A New Tool for Format Trajectory Estimation, IEEE Trans. Audio Electro-acoustics, AU-20, 129–137.
Miller, L. J. and Frank, H. W.: 1974, ‘Three-dimensional Air Motion Within a North-East Colorado Rainstorm’, Preprints, AMS Conf. on Cloud Physics, 321–327.
Miller, L. J. and Strauch, R. G.: 1974, A Dual-Doppler Radar Method for the Determination of Wind Velocities Within Precipitating Weather Systems, Remote Sensing of Environ. 3, 219–235.
Owens, E. J.: 1974, Development of a Portable Acoustic Echo Sounder, NOAA Tech. Report, ERL 258-WPL 31, U.S. Dept. of Commerce.
Panofsky, H. A.: 1973, Boundary Layer Above 30m, Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 4, 252–264.
Pasquill, F.: 1972, Some Aspects of Boundary-layer Description, Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc. 98, 469–494.
Pennell, W. R. and LeMone, M. A.: 1974, An Experimental Study of Turbulence Structure in the Fair-Weather Trade Wind Boundary Layer, J. Atmos. Sci. 31, 1308–1323.
Strand, O. N. and Chadwick, R. B.: 1975, A New Procedure for Computing and Analyzing Whitening Filters and Maximum Entropy Spectral Estimates, submitted to Math. of Computation.
Tatarski, V. I.: 1961, Wave Propagation in a Turbulent Medium, McGraw-Hill, New York, 285 pp.
Taylor, R. J.: 1958, Thermal Structures in the Lowest Layers of the Atmosphere, Australian J. Physics 11, 168–176.
Telford, J. W. and Warner, J.: 1964, Fluxes of Heat and Vapor in the Lower Atmosphere Derived from Aircraft Observations, J. Atmos. Sci. 21, 539–548.
Ulrych, T. J.: 1972, Maximum Entropy Power Spectrum of Truncated Sinusoids, J. Geophys. Res. 77, 1396–1400.
Vulf'son, N. I.: 1961, Convective Motions in a Free Atmosphere, Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem (Trans. 1964), Clearinghouse, U.S. Dept. of Commerce, π64–11017, 188 pp.
Warner, J. and Telford, J. W.: 1967, Convection Below Cloud Base, J. Atmos. Sci. 24, 374–382.
Woodcock, A. H.: 1942, Soaring over the Open Sea, The Scientific Monthly 55, 226–232.
Wyckoff, R. J., Beran, D. W., and Hall, Jr., F. F.: 1973, A Comparison of the Low-level Radiosonde and the Acoustic Echo Sounder for Monitoring Atmospheric Stability, J. Appl. Meteorol. 12, 1196–1204.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Frisch, A.S., Chadwick, R.B., Moninger, W.R. et al. Observations of boundary-layer convection cells measured by dual-Doppler radar and echosonde, and by microbarograph array. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 10, 55–68 (1976). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00218724
Revised:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00218724