Abstract
This paper presents one-dimensional particle-fluid hybrid simulations in which the strongly collisional components of the plasma (e.g., ions and thermal electrons with νcfΔt > 1) are treated as fluids and the weakly collisional components (e.g., energetic electrons with νcpΔt ≪ 1) are treated as particles. Here νcf denotes the fluid ion and electron collision frequencies, νcp is the energetic particle collision frequency and Δt is the time step. Collisions between particle and fluid components are treated by a Monte-Carlo method and mass transfers between the particle and fluid electron components are governed by collision frequency thresholds. The field is computed implicitly to allow time steps with Ωp Δt > 1 (Ωp: plasma frequency).
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Denavit, J. Time-implicit simulation of particle-fluid systems. Space Sci Rev 42, 85–102 (1985). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00218225
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00218225