Abstract
The disk boundaries of coronal holes have been systematically determined from XUV observations taken during the manned Skylab missions (June 1973–January 1974). The resulting Atlas was used to find the sizes, global distributions, differential rotation rates, growth/decay rates and lifetimes of holes during this period. The polar cap holes together covered 15% of the Sun's total surface area, a number which remained surprisingly constant throughout Skylab despite the fact that each pole was independently evolving in time. Lower latitude holes contributed another 2 to 5%. The anomalous differential rotation law derived for a large north-south hole by Timothy et al. (1975) has been confirmed. However, other Skylab holes were too low in latitude to demonstrate the generality of this result. The average growth/decay rate for holes was 1.5 × 104 km2 s-1, in excellent agreement with the value used by Leighton (1964) for his successful treatment of the surface transport of solar magnetic fields. The lifetimes of lower-latitude holes are found to regularly exceed 5 solar rotations, in good agreement with the lifetimes of recurrent geomagnetic storms with which holes are now known to be associated.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Altschuler, M. D., Trotter, D. E., and Orrall, F. Q.: 1972, Solar Phys. 26, 354.
Avrett, E. H., Vernazza, J. E., and Linsky, J. L.: 1976, Astrophys. J., submitted.
Bertaux, J. L., Blamont, J. E., and Festou, M.: 1973, Astron. Astrophys. 25, 415.
Bohlin, J. D.: 1970, Solar Phys. 12, 240.
Bohlin, J. D., Koomen, M. J., and Tousey, R.: 1971, Solar Phys. 21, 408.
Bohlin, J. D., Sheeley, Jr., N. R., and Tousey, R.: 1974, Space Research 15, 651.
Bohlin, J. D. and Rubenstein, D. M.: 1975, ‘Synoptic Maps of Solar Coronal Hole Boundaries Derived from He ii 304 Å Spectroheliograms from the Manned Skylab Missions’, Report UAG-51, World Data Center A for Solar-Terrestrial Physics, NOAA, 21 pp. (referred to as the NRL Atlas).
Bohlin, J. D., Vogel, S. N., Purcell, J. D., Sheeley, Jr., N. R., Tousey, R., and VanHoosier, M. E.: 1975a, Astrophys. J. 197, L133.
Bohlin, J. D., Rubenstein, D. M., and Sheeley, Jr., N. R.: 1975b, Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. 7, 457.
Brueckner, G. E. and Bartoe, J.-D. F.: 1974, Solar Phys. 38, 133.
Davis, J., Jacobs, V., Kepple, P., and Blaha, M.: 1977, Astrophys. J., to be submitted.
d'Azambujza, M. and Mme. L.: 1948, Ann. Obs. Paris 7.
Fisk, L. A. and Axford, W. I. (eds.): 1976, Proc. Symp. Study of the Sun and Interplanetary Medium in Three Dimensions, Pub. X-660–76–53, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt.
Glackin, D. L.: 1974, Solar Phys. 36, 51.
Hansen, R. T., Hansen, S. F., and Loomis, H. G.: 1969, Solar Phys. 10, 135.
Howard, R. and Harvey, J.: 1970, Solar Phys. 12, 23.
Huber, M. C. E., Foukel, P. V., Noyes, R. W., Reeves, E. M., Schmahl, E. J., Timothy, J. G., Vernazza, J. E., and Withbroe, G. L.: 1974, Astrophys. J. 194, L115.
Hundhausen, A. J.: 1972, Solar Wind and Coronal Expansion, Springer-Verlag, New York, pp. 143–168.
Jordan, C.: 1975, Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 170, 429.
Krieger, A. S., Timothy, A. F., and Roelof, E. C.: 1973, Solar Phys. 29, 505.
Leighton, R. B.: 1964, Astrophys. J. 140, 1547.
Mango, S. A., Bohlin, J. D., Glackin, D. L., and Linsky, J. L.: 1977, Astrophys. J., in preparation.
McIntosh, P. S., Krieger, A. S., Nolte, J. T., and Vaiana, G.: 1976, Solar Phys. 49, 57.
Munro, R. H. and Withbroe, G. L.: 1972, Astrophys. J. 176, 511.
Neupert, W. M. and Pizzo, V.: 1974, J. Geophys. Res. 79, 3701.
Newton, H. W. and Nunn, M. L.: 1951, Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 111, 413.
Noci, G.: 1973, Solar Phys. 28, 403.
Nolte, J. T., Krieger, A. S., Timothy, A. F., Vaiana, G. S., and Zombeck, M. V.: 1975, Solar Phys. 46, 291 (referred to as the AS & E Atlas).
Nolte, J. T., Krieger, A. S., Timothy, A. F., Gold, R. E., Vaiana, G., Lazarus, A. J., Sullivan, J. D., and McIntosh, P. S.: 1976, Solar Phys. 46, 303.
Page, D. E.: 1975, Science 190, 845.
Pneuman, G. W. and Kopp, R. A.: 1971, Solar Phys. 18, 258.
Reeves, E. M., Noyes, R. W., and Withbroe, G. L.: 1972, Solar Phys. 27, 251.
Reeves, E. M.: 1976, Solar Phys. 46, 53.
Rickett, B. J., Sime, D. G., Sheeley, Jr., N. R., Crockett, W. R., and Tousey, R.: 1976, J. Geophys. Res. 81, 3845.
Russell, P. C.: 1965, Nature 205, 684.
Saito, K.: 1972, Ann. Tokyo Astron. Obs. 13, 93.
Sheeley, Jr., N. R., Bohlin, J. D., Brueckner, G. E., Purcell, J. D., Scherrer, V. E., and Tousey, R.: 1975, Solar Phys. 40, 103.
Sheeley, Jr., N. R., Harvey, J. W., and Feldman, W. C.: 1976, Solar Phys. 49, 271.
Solodyna, C. V., Nolte, J. T., and Krieger, A. S.: 1975, unpublished AS & E memorandum (second part of the AS & E Atlas).
Stenflo, J. O.: 1974, Solar Phys. 36, 495–515.
Timothy, A. F., Krieger, A. S., and Vaiana, G. S.: 1975, Solar Phys. 42, 135.
Tousey, R., Bartoe, J.-D. F., Bohlin, J. D., Brueckner, G. E., Purcell, J. D., Scherrer, V. E., Sheeley, Jr., N. R. Schumacher, R. J., and VanHoosier, M. E.: 1973, Solar Phys. 33, 265.
Tousey, R., Bartoe, J.-D. F., Brueckner, G. E., and Purcell, J. D.: 1977, Applied Optics, submitted.
Trotter, D. E.: 1958, ‘List of M-Region Geomagnetic Storms 1884–1954’, High Altitude Obs. Res Memo. No. 107.
Vaiana, G. S., Krieger, A. S., and Timothy, A. F.: 1973, Solar Phys. 32, 81.
Wagner, W. J.: 1975, Astrophys. J. 198, L141.
Wagner, W. J.: 1976, Astrophys. J. 206, 583.
Waldmeier, M.: 1950, Z. Astrophys. 21, 24.
Waldmeier, M.: 1957, Die Sonnenkorona, Vol. 2, Verlag Birkhauser, Basel.
Waldmeier, M.: 1975, Solar Phys. 40, 351.
Wilcox, J. M.: 1968, Space Sci. Rev. 8, 258.
Withbroe, G. L., Dupree, A. K., Goldberg, L., Huber, M. C. E., Noyes, R. W., Parkinson, W. H., and Reeves, E. H.: 1971, Solar Phys. 21, 272.
Withbroe, G. L. and Wang, Y.-M.: 1972, Solar Phys. 27, 394.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Bohlin, J.D. Extreme-ultraviolet observations of coronal holes. Sol Phys 51, 377–398 (1977). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00216373
Revised:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00216373