Abstract
Amphetamine-induced lateralized activity (rotation) and nonlateralized activity (extra quarter turns) was classically conditioned in female rats using the test environment as the conditioned stimulus (CS) and 1.25 mg/kg d-amphetamine as the unconditioned stimulus. Conditioned lateralized activity extinguished more rapidly than nonlateralized activity. Also, d-amphetamine-induced nonlateralized activity was selectively decreased by a schedule of 50% partial reinforcement. These results indicate that the two d-amphetamine responses can be distinguished, that they are differentially affected by learning, and that a schedule of partial reinforcement can selectively attenuate one effect of a drug while leaving the other intact. In addition, haloperidol blocked conditioned lateralized activity; this suggests that the conditioned response may be, like the drug-induced response, mediated by dopamine.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Barr GA, Sharpless NS, Cooper S, Schiff SR, Peredes W, Bridger WH (1983) Classical conditioning, decay and extinction of cocaine-induced hyperactivity and stereotypy. Life Sci 3:1341–1351
Becker JB, Robinson TE, Lorenz KA (1982) Sex differences and estrous cycle variations in amphetamine-elicited rotational behavior. Eur J Pharmacol 80:65–72
Beninger RJ, Hahn BL (1983) Pimozide blocks establishment but not expression of amphetamine-produced environment-specific conditioning. Science 220:1304–1306
Brass CA, Glick SD (1981) Sex differences in drug-induced rotation in two strains of rats. Brain Res 223:229–234
Carey RJ (1986) Conditioned rotational behavior in rats with unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the substantia nigra. Brain Res 365:379–382
Eikelboom R, Stewart J (1979) Conditioned temperature effects using morphine as the unconditioned stimulus. Psychopharmacology 61:31–38
Eikelboom R, Stewart J (1981) Conditioned temperature effects using amphetamine as the unconditioned stimulus. Psychopharmacology 75:96–97
Elias JW, Yandell LR, Graff R, Albrecht JW, Smith CJ (1983) Short term augmentation of amphetamine-induced rotation bias. Physiol Behav 31:639–642
Glick SD, Jerussi TP (1974) Spatial and paw preference in rats: their relationship to rate-dependent effects of d-amphetamine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 188(3):714–725
Glick SD, Cox RD (1978) Nocturnal rotation in normal rats: correlation with amphetamine-induced rotation and effects of nigrostriatal lesions. Brain Res 150:149–161
Glick SD, Shapiro RM (1985) Functional and neurochemical mechanisms of cerebral lateralization in rats. In: Glick SD (ed) Cerebral lateralization in nonhuman species. Academic, New York, pp 157–183
Glick SD, Jerussi TP, Waters DH, Green JP (1974) Amphetamine-induced changes in striatal dopamine and acetylcholine levels and relationship to rotation (circling behavior) in rats. Biochem Pharmacol 23:3223–3225
Glick SD, Jerussi TP, Zimmerberg B (1977) Behavioral and neuropharmacological correlates of nigrostriatal asymmetry in rats. In: Harnad SR, Doty RW, Goldstein L, Jaynes J, Krauthamer G (eds) Lateralization in the nervous system. Academic, New York, pp 213–249
Goldberg SR (1976) Conditioned behavioral and physiological changes associated with injections of a narcotic antagonist in morphine-dependent monkeys. Pavolv J Biol Sci 11(1):203–221
Greenstein S, Glick SD (1975) Improved automated apparatus for recording rotation (circling behavior) in rats or mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 3:507–510
Jerussi TP, Glick SD (1976) Drug-induced rotation in rats without lesions: behavioral and neurochemical indices of a normal asymmetry in nigro-striatal function. Psychopharmacology 47:249–260
Mackintosh NJ (1974) The psychology of animal learning. Academic, New York
Miksic S, Smith N, Numan R, Lal H (1975) Acquisition and extinction of a conditioned hyperthermic response to a tone paired with morphine administration. Neuropsychobiology 1(5):277–283
O'Brien CP, Testa T, O'Brien TJ, Brady JP, Wells B (1977) Conditioned narcotic withdrawl in humans. Science 195:1000–1002
Post RM, Lockfeld A, Squillace KM, Contel NR (1981) Drug-environment interaction: context dependency of cocaine-induced behavioral sensitization. Life Sci 28:755–760
Robinson TE (1984) Behavioral sensitization: Characterization of enduring changes in rotational behavior produced by intermittent injections of amphetamine in male and female rats. Psychopharmacology 84:466–475
Robinson TE, Becker JB, Ramirez VD (1980) Sex differences in amphetamine-elicited rotational behavior and the lateralization of striatal dopamine in rats. Brain Res Bull 5:539–545
Robinson TE, Becker JB, Presty SK (1982) Long-term facilitation of amphetamine-induced rotational behavior and striatal dopamine release produced by a single exposure to amphetamine: sex differences. Brain Res 253:231–241
Schiff SR (1982) Conditioned dopaminergic activity. Biol Psychiatry 17(2):135–154
Segal DA, Mandell AJ (1974) Long-term administration of d-amphetamine: progressive augmentation of motor activity and stereotype. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2:249–255
Siegel S (1976) Morphine analgesic tolerance: its situation specificity supports a pavlovian conditioning model. Science 193:323–325
Siegel S (1977) Morphine tolerance acquisition as an associative process. J Exp Psychol [Anim Behav] 3(1):1–13
Tilson HA, Rech RH (1973) Conditioned drug effects and absence of tolerance to d-amphetamine induced motor activity. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1:149–153
Wikler A, Pescor FT (1967) Classical conditioning of a morphine abstinence phenomenon, reinforcement of opioid-drinking behavior and “relapse” in morphine-addicted rats. Psychopharmacologia 10:255–284
de Wit H, Stewart J (1981) Reinstatement of cocaine-reinforced responding in the rat. Psychopharmacology 75:134–143
Zar JH (1984) Biostatistical analysis. Prentice-Hall, New Jersey, pp 190–191
Zimmerberg B, Glick SD, Jerussi TP (1974) Neurochemical correlate of a spatial preference in rats. Science 185:623–625
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Drew, K.L., Glick, S.D. Classical conditioning of amphetamine-induced lateralized and nonlateralized activity in rats. Psychopharmacology 92, 52–57 (1987). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00215479
Received:
Revised:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00215479