Abstract
The effects of bleached kraft pulp and paper mill effluent (BKME) on the roach (Rutilus rutilus L.) were studied under experimental and natural field conditions. In the acute experiment (72 h exposure to the concentrated BKME), the roach suffered from a general stress syndrome, characterized by a significant increase of cortisol and blood glucose, as well as a significant decrease of leucocrit and total plasma protein. In three weeks' exposure in a polluted and an unpolluted lake and in fish caught from the same lakes, the more specific effects of BKME treatments appeared. During the three weeks' exposure, slight hyperglycaemia as well as a decrease in a transaminase activity (GPT) and increase in the plasma total protein concentration of the fish occurred in the polluted lake. Fish caught from the polluted lake exhibited lower values of haematocrit, transaminases (GOT and GPT), and calcium concentration plus a higher chloride concentration in the plasma than in the unpolluted lake. The differential leukocyte counts also showed slight differences: Fewer lymphocytes and more granulocytes were found in roach from polluted waters. The morphology of the red blood cells in the roach from polluted lakes had more elongate erythrocytes with a longer major axis and a shorter minor axis than in fish from the polluted lake. The possibilities of determining the origin of fish based on their erythrocyte morphology is discussed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adams SM, Crumby WD, Greeley MS, Shugart LR, Saylor CF (1992) Responses of fish populations and communities to pulp mill effluents: a holistic assessment. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 24:347–360
Bengtsson BE, Larsso Å, Bengtsson Å, Renberg L (1988) Sublethal effects of tetrachloro-1.2-benzoquinone—A component in bleachery effluents from pulp mills—on vertebral quality and physiological parameters in fourthorn sculpin. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 15:62–71
Davies RG (1971) Computer programming in quantitative Biology. Academic Press, NY, pp 137
Davis JC (1973) Sublethal effects of bleached kraft pulp mill effluent on respiration and circulation in sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka). J Fish Res Board Can 30:369–377
Donaldson E (1981) The pituitary-interrenal axis as an indicator as stress in fish. In: AD Pickering (ed.), Stress and Fish. Academic Press, NY, pp 11–47
Ellmann GL, Courtney DD (1961) A new and rapid colorimetric determination of AChE activity. Biochem Pharmacol 7:88–95
Granberg KE (1992) Changes in water quality in Lake Päijänne following decrease of effluent load from the pulp and paper industry in 1969–1989. Hydrobiologia 243/224 (Dev Hydrobiol 79):395–403
Hakkari L (1992) Effects of pulp and paper mill effluents on fish populations in Finland. Finnish Fisheries Res 13:93–106
Hardig J (1978) Maturation of circulating red blood cells in young Baltic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Acta Physiologica Scandinavica. 102:290–300
Hardig J, Höglund LB (1984) Seasonal variation in blood components of reared Baltic salmon, Salmo salar L. J Fish Biol 24:565–579
Hodson PV, McWhriter M, Ralph K, Gray B, Thilvierge D, Carey JH, Vanderkraak G, Whittle DM, Leevesque MC (1992) Effects of bleached kraft mill effluent on fish in the St Maurice river, Quebec. Environ Toxicol Chem. 11:1635–1651
Jeney G, Nemcsok J, Oláh J (1984) Transaminase enzyme activity of cyprinid fishes depending on environmental factors and bacterial infection. Symp Biol Hungarica 23:201–207
Jeney Z, Jeney G (1987) A system of diagnostic parameters for detection of environmental impact on fish. 3rd Int Conf of Europ Assoc of Fish Pathol, p 46
Jokinen EI, Aaltonen TM, Valtonen ET (1995) Subchronic effects of pulp and paper mill effluents on the immunoglobuin synthesis of roach, Rutilus rutilus. Ecotoxicol Environm Safety 32:219–225
Lehmann J, Stümberg FJ, Hesse F (1976) Hematologisch-serologische Substratuntersuchungen an der Regenbogenforelle (Salmo gairdneri, Rich.) III. Normwerter des Haemogramms unter Berücksichtingung alters-und jahreszeitlich bedingter Schwankungen. Gewasser Abwasser 59:1–32
Lindström-Seppä P, Vuorinen PJ, Vuorien M, Haninen M (1989) Effect of bleached kraft pulp mill effluent on hepatic biotransformation reactions in vendance (Coregonus albula) Comp Biochem Physiol 92C:51–54
Lowry OH, Rosebrough NS, Farr AL, Randall RS (1951) Protein measurements with the Folin phenol reagent J Biol Chem 193:265–275
Maatela P, Paasivirta J, Sarkka J, Paukku R (1990) Organochlorine compounds in lake sediments. II. Organically bound chlorine. Chemosphere 21:1343–1354
Mazeaud MM, Mazeaud F (1981). Adregenic responses to stress in fish. In: AD Pickering (ed.), Stress and Fish. Academic Press, NY, pp 49–75
McLeay DJ (1973) Effects of a 12-hr and 25-day exposure to draft pulp mill effluent on the blood and tissues of juvenile Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). J Fish Res Board Can 30:395–400
— (1975) Sensitivity of blood cell counts in juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) to stressors including sublethal concentrations of pulpmill effluent and zinc. J Fish Res Board Can 32:2357–2364
McLeay DJ, Brown DA (1974) Growth stimulation and biochemical changes in juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) exposed to bleached kraft pulpmill effluent for 200 days. J Fish Res Board Can 31:1043–1049
—, — (1979) Stress and chronic effects of untreated and treated bleached kraft pulpmill effluent on the biochemistry and stamina of juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). J Fish Res Board Can 36:1049–1059
McLeay DJ, Gordon MR (1977) Leucocrit: A simple hematological technique for measuring acute stress in salmonid fish, including stressful concentrations of pulp mill effluent. J Fish Res Board Can 34:2164–2175
Oikari A, Kukkonen J (1988) Acclimatization of roach, Rutilus rutilus (L.), to toxic components of kraft pulp mill effluents. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 15:282–288
Oikari A, Soivio A (1977) Physiological condition of fish exposed to water containing pulp and paper industry water and sewage. In: J Alabaster (ed), Biol Monitoring in Fisheries. pp 89–96
Oikari A, Lönn BE, Castrén M, Nakari T, Snickars-Nikinmaa B, Bister H, Virtanen E (1983) Toxicological effects of dehydroabietic acid (DHAA) on the trout, Salmo gairdneri Rich., in fresh water. Water Res 17:81–89
Oikari A, Nikinmaa M, Lindgren S, Lönn BE (1985a) Sublethal effects of simulated pulp mill effluents on the respiration and energy metabolism of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 9:378–384
Oikari A, Holmbom B, Ånäs E, Miilunpalo M, Kruzynski G, Castren M (1985b) Ecotoxicological aspects of pulp and paper mill effluents discharged to an inland water system: distribution in water, and toxicant residues and physiological effects in caged fish (Salmo gairdneri). Aquat Toxicol 6:219–239
Paasivirta J, Heinola K, Humppi T, Karjalainen A, Knuutinen J, Mantykoski K, Paukku R, Piiola T, Surma-Aho K, Tarhanen J, Welling L, Vihonen HJ and Särkkä J (1985) Polychlorinated phenols, guaiacols and catechols in environment. Chemosphere 14:469–491
Soivio A and Nikinmaa M (1981) The swelling of erythrocytes in relation to the oxygen affinity of the blood of the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson. In: AD Pickering (ed.), Stress and Fish. Academic Press. NY, pp 103–119
Tana J, Nikunen E (1986) Impact of pulp mill effluent on egg hatchability of pike (Esox lucius L.). Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 36:738–743
Valtonen ET, Holmes JC, Koskivaara M (1996) Eutrophication, pollution and fragmentation: Effects on the parasite communities in roach (Rutilus rutilus) and perch (Terca fluviatilis) in four lakes in central Finland. Can Ag Fish Sc (Submitted)
Wedemeyer GA, McLeay DJ (1981) Methods for determining the tolerance of fishes to environmental stress. In: AD Pickering (ed.), Stress and Fish. Academic Press, NY, pp 247–268
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Jeney, Z., Valtonen, E.T., Jeney, G. et al. Effects of pulp and paper mill effluent (BKME) on physiology and biochemistry of the roach (Rutilus rutilus L.). Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 30, 523–529 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00213404
Received:
Revised:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00213404