Abstract
Laboratory and wild Norway rats were exposed in the laboratory to an uncontaminated soil and to a soil from a site contaminated with petrochemical waste. Activities of microsomal lung and liver cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenases, including 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD), 7-pentoxyresorufin O-depentylase (PROD) and 7-benzoxyresorufin O-debenzylase (BROD) were measured at selected times during the course of the study. The highest degree of induction of hepatic EROD (7-fold) was shown after 3 days of exposure to the contaminated soil. However, two months later, the EROD activity declined to fourfold increase over the control. The PROD and BROD activities displayed a similar time course of induction, but the degree of induction was lower. The induction of hepatic monooxygenase activities was observed in both laboratory and wild rats. Lung monooxygenase EROD was highly induced (up to 28-fold) after 3 days of exposure, and the activity remained elevated throughout the two-month experiment. BROD and PROD activities were not induced. The activities of three antioxidant enzymes, namely superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase (Se- and non-Se-dependent) and catalase also were measured in lung and liver cytosol, but no significant changes were observed after two months of exposure to contaminated soil.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aust SD, Chignell CF, Bray TM, Kalyanaraman B, Mason RP (1993) Contemporary issue in toxicology. Free radicals in toxicology. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 120:168–178
Bagchi M, Stohs SJ (1993) In vitro induction of reactive oxygen species by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, endrin, and lindane in rat peritoneal macrophages, and hepatic mitochondria and microsomes. Free Radic Biol Med 14:11–18
Ballschmitter K, Zell M (1980) Analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) by glass capillary gas chromatography. Fresenius Z Anal Chem 302:20–31
Baron J, Voigt JM (1990) Localization, distribution and induction of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes and aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity within lung. Pharmacol Ther 47:419–445
Beebe L, Park SS, Anderson LM (1990) Differential enzyme induction of mouse liver and lung following a single low or high dose of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). J Biochem Toxicol 5:211–219
Beebe L, Fox SD, Riggs CW, Park SS, Gelboin HV, Issaq HJ, Anderson LM (1992) Persistent effects of a single dose of Aroclor® 1254 on cytochromes P450IA2 and IIB1 in mouse lung. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 114:16–24
Beers RF, Sizer WI (1952) A spectrophotometric method for measuring the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide by catalase. J Biol Chem 195:133–140
Bhatia A, Tobil F, Lepschy G, Werk X, Mazucco K (1994) Biomonitoring of pollution: the hepatic cytochrome P-450 enzyme system in the feral mouse Apodemus flavicollis as indicator. Chemosphere 28:1525–1537
Burke MD, Thompson S, Elcombe CR, Halpert J, Haaparanta T, Mayer RT (1985) Ethoxy-, pentoxy- and benzyloxyphenoxazones and homologues: a series of substrates to distinguish between different induced cytochromes P-450. Biochem Pharmacol 34:3337–3345
Dickerson RL, Hooper MJ, Gard NW, Cobb GP, Kendall RJ (1994) Toxicological foundations of ecological risk assessment: biomarker development and interpretation based on laboratory and wildlife species. Environ Health Perspect 102:65–69
DiGiulio RT, Washburn PC, Wenning RJ, Winston GW, Jewell CS (1989) Biochemical responses in aquatic animals: a review of determinants of oxidative stress. Environ Toxicol Chem 8:1103–1123
DiGiulio RT, Habig C, Gallagher EP (1993) Effects of Black Rock Harbor sediments on indices of biotransformation, oxidative stress, and DNA integrity in channel catfish. Aquat Toxicol 26:1–22
Dogra S, Filser JG, Cojocel C, Greim H, Regel U, Oesch F, Robertson LW (1988) Long-term effects of commercial and congeneric polychlorinated biphenyls on ethane production and malondialdehyde levels, indicators of in vivo lipid peroxidation. Arch Toxicol 62:369–374
Dragnev KH, Beebe L, Jones CR, Fox SD, Thomas PE, Nims RW, Lubet RA (1994) Subchronic dietary exposure to Aroclor 1254 in rats: accumulation of PCBs in liver, blood, and adipose tissue and its relationship to induction of various hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 125:111–122
Elangbam CS, Qualls CW, Lochmiller RL (1991) O-Dealkylation of resorufin ethers as an indicator of hepatic cytochrome P-450 isoenzyme induction in the cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus): a method for monitoring environmental contamination. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 47:23–28
Harrad SJ, Sewart AP, Alcock R, Boumphrey R, Burnett V, Duarte-Davidson R, Halsall C, Sanders G, Waterhouse K, Wild SR, Jones KC (1994) Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the British environment: sinks, sources and temporal trends. Environ Pollut 85:131–146
Hartree EF (1972) Determination of protein: a modification of the Lowry method that gives a linear photometric response. Anal Biochem 4:422–427
Henneman JR, Fox SD, Lubet RA, Ward JM, Nims RW (1994) Induction of cytochrome P-450 in Sigmodon hispidus (cotton rats) exposed to dietary Aroclor 1254. J Toxicol Environ Health 41:369–386
Kamohara K, Yagi N, Itokawa Y (1984) Mechanism of lipid peroxide formation in polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT)-poisoned rats. Environ Res 34:18–23
Leffin M, Rivière JL (1992) Effects of some inducers on hepatic and extrahepatic drug metabolism in the mallard duck (Anas platyrhynchos). Comp Biochem Physiol 102C:471–476
Lubet RA, Guengerich FP, Nims RW (1990) The induction of alkoxy-resorufin metabolism: a potential indicator of environmental contamination. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 19:157–163
Lubet RA, Nims RW, Fox SD, Issaq HJ, McBee K, Beebe LE (1992) Induction of hepatic CYP1A activity as a biomarker for environmental exposure to Aroclor 1254 in feral rodents. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 22:339–344
Mäntylä E, Ahotupa M (1993) Polychlorinated biphenyls and naphthalenes: long-lasting induction of oxidative stress in the rat. Chemosphere 27:383–390
Marklund SL (1985) Pyrogallol autoxidation. In: Greenwald RA (ed) Handbook of Methods for Oxygen Radical Research. CRC Press, pp 243–247
McBee K, Bickham JW (1990) Mammals as bioindicators of environmental toxicity. Curr Mammal 2:37–88
National Research Council (1991) Animals as sentinels of environmental health hazards. National Academy Press, Washington, 160 pp
Nims RW, Lubet RA, Jones CR, Mellini W, Thomas PE (1993) Comparative pharmacodynamics of CYP2B induction by phenobarbital in the male and female F344/NCr rat. Biochem Pharmacol 45:521–526
Okey AB (1990) Enzyme induction in the cytochrome P-450 system. Pharmacol Ther 45:241–298
Paglia DE, Valentine WN (1967) Studies on the quantitative and qualitative characterization of erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase. J Lab Clin Med 276:368–374
Rampersaud A, Walz FG Jr (1987) Polymorphisms of four hepatic cytochromes P-450 in twenty-eight inbred strains of rat. Biochem Genet 25:257–534
Rattner BA, Hoffman DJ, Marn CM (1989) Use of mixed-function oxygenases to monitor contaminant exposure in wildlife. Environ Tox Chem 8:1093–1102
Rettie AE, Williams FM, Rawlins MD, Mayers RT, Burke MD (1986) Major differences between lung, skin and liver in the microsomal metabolism of homologous series of resorufin and coumarin ethers. Biochem Pharmacol 356:3495–3500
Roberts MH, Sved DW, Felton SP (1987) Temporal changes in AHH and SOD activities in feral spot from the Elizabeth River, a polluted subestuary. Mar Environ Res 23:89–101
Ryan DE, Levin W (1990) Purification and characterization of hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450. Pharmacol Ther 45:153–239
Schrenk D, Lipp HP, Brunner H, Wiesmuller T, Hagenmaier H, Bock KW (1991) Induction of hepatic P450-dependent monooxygenase in feral mice from a PCDD/PCDF-contaminated area. Chemosphere 22:1011–1018
Snedecor GW, Cochran WG (1989) Statistical Methods. Iowa State University, Ames, IA
Stegeman JJ, Lech (1991) Cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase systems in aquatic species: carcinogen metabolism and biomarkers for carcinogen and pollutant exposure. Environ Health Perspect 90:101–109
Talmage SS, Walton BT (1991) Small mammals as monitors of environmental contaminants. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 119:47–145
Wild SR, Jones KC (1995) Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in the United Kingdom environment: a preliminary source inventory and budget. Environ Pollut 88:91–108
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Fouchécourt, M.O., Rivière, J.L. Activities of liver and lung cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenases and antioxidant enzymes in laboratory and wild Norway rats exposed to reference and contaminated soils. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 30, 513–522 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00213403
Received:
Revised:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00213403