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Über den Einfluss von Acetazolamid (Diamox) auf die chemie des Kammerwassers

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Résumé

Après un bref aperçu de la littérature, les auteurs parlent de l'action multiple du diamox dans l'organisme humain. Ils attirent l'attention sur le fait que la présence de la Carboanhydrase joue un rôle important. Son mode d'action concernant l'urine primaire dans les tubuli contorti du rein est montré par un schéma. L'action principale de la carboanhydrase consiste en un système tampon de l'équilibre entre les ions Na ET K. Le diamox comme inhibiteur de la carboanhydrase au contraire diminue la formation de l'acide carbonique de sorte que l'élimination des ions hydrogènes est réduite. Par conséquent la résorption de Na est empêchée et on aura comme résultat une élimination d'eau augmentée. L'abaissement du pH et des bicarbonates dans le sang sous l'effet du diamox a pu être statistiquement prouvé.

On explique par un schéma l'action de la carboanhydrase sur l'échange des ions de l'humeur aqueuse et l'influence du diamox sur ce mécanisme.

A cause de la différence de potentiel oxydoréducteur entre l'épithélium et le stroma du corps ciliaire, on note un déplacement d'eau et de cations en direction de l'épithélium. Sous l'influence de la carboanhydrase, il y a formation d'acide carbonique à partir de l'eau et du CO2. La carboanhydrase étant inhibée par le diamox, la formation de l'acide carbonique et en conséquence aussi celle de l'eau est diminuée.

En ce qui concerne les expériences chez l'homme, aucun changement de la teneur en ions Na et K dans l'humeur aqueuse n'a pu être démontré. On explique la diminution de la tension oculaire sous l'effet du diamox avant tout par la diminution de l'apport d'eau, comme les auteurs ont pu le démontrer par les tests à la fluorescéine. La chromatographie sur papier de l'humeur aqueuse avant et après diamox a montré une légère augmentation en α-alanine, méthylhistidine, valine, leucine et tyrosine. Contrairement aux expériences sur le lapin, on n'a pas pu mettre en évidence chez l'homme une diminution du pH après diamox. Par contre les résultats d'autres auteurs concernant la diminution du CO2 total chez le lapin et l'homme ont pu être confirmés.

En terminant, les auteurs ont interprété les résultats dans le sens que le diamox provoque chez le lapin une acidose non compensée dans l'humeur aqueuse tandis que chez l'homme elle semble être compensée par la diminution de la pression CO2 partielle.

Riassunto

Dopo una breve rivista della letteratura gli autori parlano delle diverse azioni del Diamox nell'organismo umano. Richiamano l'attenzione sul fatto che la presenza della carboanidrasi è di una grande importanza. Il suo modo di azione sull'urina primaria nei tubuli contorti del rene è illustrata con uno schema. L'azione principale della carboanidrasi consiste in un sistema tampone dell'equilibrio tra gli ioni Na e K. Il Diamox essendo un inibitore della carboanidrasi diminuisce al contrario la formazione dell'acido carbonico in maniera tale che l'eliminazione degli ioni idrogeno ne risulta diminuita. In conseguenza il riassorbimento del Na è impedito e si avrà come risultato un aumento dell'eliminazione dell'acqua. L'abbassamento del pH e dei bicarbonati nel sangue, prodotto dal Diamox, è stata dimostrata statisticamente. Gli autori spiegano con uno schema l'azione della carboanidrasi sullo scambio ionico dell'umore acqueo e l'influenza del Diamox su questo meccanismo. Si osserva, a causa della differenza di potenziale ossidoriduttore tra l'epitelio e lo stroma del corpo ciliare, una migrazione d'acqua e di cationi verso l'epitelio. Sotto l'influenza della carboanidrasi vi è formazione di acido carbonico per l'unione di H2O e CO2. La formazione dell'acido carbonico e in conseguenza anche quella dell'acqua sono diminuite data l'inibizione della carboanidrasi ad opera del Diamox. Nelle esperienze sull'uomo non si è potuto dimostrare alcun cambiamento sul tasso degli ioni Na e K dell'umore acqueo. Gli autori spiegano la diminuzione della tensione oculare sotto l'effetto del Diamox soprattutto con la diminuzione dell'apporto in acqua come da loro dimostrato con i testi alla fluoresceina. La cromatografia su carta mette in evidenza un leggero aumento dell' α-alanina, metilistidina, valina, leucina e tirosina sotto l'influenza del Diamox. In contrasto con le esperienze sul coniglio non si è potuto mettere in evidenza nell'uomo un abbassamento del pH sotto l'influenza del Diamox. D'altra parte si sono potuti confermare i risultati di altri autori sulla diminuzione del CO2 totale nel coniglio e nell'uomo.

In fine gli autori interpretano i risultati ottenuti nel senso che il Diamox provoca un'acidosi che non viene compensata nel coniglio, mentre nell'uomo quest'acidosi sembra essere compensata con la diminuzione della pressione CO2 parziale.

Summary

After briefly considering the literature, the authors discuss the multiple action of Diamox in the human organism. They draw attention to the fact that the presence of carboanhydrase is of great importance. Its effect on primary urine in the convoluted tubules of the kidney is shown by a diagram. The main action of carboanhydrase consists of a buffer system of equilibrium between the sodium and potassium ions. Diamox, on the other hand, as a substance inhibiting carboanhydrase, diminishes the formation of carbonic acid so that elimination of the hydrogen ions decreases. Consequently, resorption of sodium is prevented which results in an increased elimination of water. The decrease of pH and of bicarbonates in the blood as a result of the use of Diamox has been proved statistically.

A diagram shows the action of carboanhydrase on the exchange of ions of the aqueous humour and the influence of Diamox on this mechanism.

Because of the difference in the oxidation-reduction potential of the epithelium and the stroma of the ciliary body, a displacement of water and of cations towards the epithelium can be observed. Under the influence of carboanhydrase, carbonic acid is formed from water and CO2. When carboanhydrase is inhibited by Diamox, the formation of carbonic acid and consequently that of water is diminished.

With regard to experiments on man, it has not been possible to prove any change in the percentage of sodium and potassium ions in the aqueous humour. Lessening of ocular tension under the influence of Diamox may be explained mainly by the lessening of the supply of water, as the authors have been able to show by fluorescein tests. Paper chromatography of the aqueous humour before and after administration of Diamox indicates slightly increased amounts of α-alanine, methylhistidine, valine, leucine, and tyrosine. As opposed to experiments on rabbits, experiments on men have not revealed a diminution of the pH after administration of Diamox. On the other hand, results of other authors indicating a decrease of total CO2, both in rabbits and in men, has been confirmed.

Finally, the authors interpret the results as an indication that in the aqueaus humour Diamox provokes non-compensated acidosis in rabbits, and acidosis compensated by diminution of partial CO2-pressure in man.

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Clinique ophtalmologique universitaire - Dir. Prof. A. Francheschetti Clinique thérapeutique universitaire - Dir. Prof. R. S. Mach et Laboratoire central de l'Hôpital cantonal de Genève - Dir. Dr M. C. Sanz

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Franceschetti, A., Marty, F., Dubler, H. et al. Über den Einfluss von Acetazolamid (Diamox) auf die chemie des Kammerwassers. Doc Ophthalmol 11, 196–216 (1957). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00211582

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