References
Agre, P., Preston, G., Smith, B., Jung, S., Raina, C., Moon, W., Guggino, W., Nielsen, S. 1993. Aquaporin CHIP: the archetypal molecular water channel. Am. J. Physiol. 265:F463-F476
Al-Zahid, B., Schafer, J.A., Troutman, S.L., Andreoli, T.E. 1977. Effect of antidiuretic hormone on water and solute permeation, and the activation energies of these processes in mammalian cortical collecting tubules. J. Membrane Biol. 31:103–129
Andreoli, T.E., Hoffman, J.F., Fanestil, D.D., Schultz, S.G. 1986. Physiology of Membrane Disorders. Plenum Press, New York
Bae, H.-R., Verkman, A.S. 1990. Protein kinase A regulates chloride conductance in endocytic vesicles from proximal tubule. Nature 348:635–637
Barry, P.H., Diamond, J.M. 1984. Effects of unstirred layers on membrane phenomena. Physiol. Rev. 64:763–872
Bicknese, S., Periasamy, N., Shohet, S.B., Verkman, A.S. 1993. Cytoplasmic viscosity near the cell plasma membrane: measurement by evanescent field frequency-domain microfluorimetry. Biophys.J. 65:1272–1282
Bicknese, S., Shahrohk, Z., Shohet, S.B., Verkman, A.S. 1992. Single photon radioluminescence. I. Theory and spectroscopic properties. Biophys. J. 63:1256–1266
Biwersi, J., Farah, N., Wang, Y.-X., Ketchum, R., Verkman, A.S. 1992. Synthesis of cell-impermeable Cl-sensitive fluorescent indicators with improved sensitivity and optical properties. Am. J. Physiol. 262:C243-C250
Biwersi, J., Tulk, B., Verkman, A.S. 1994. Long wavelength chloride-sensitive fluorescent indicators. Anal. Biochem. 219:139–143
Biwersi, J., Verkman, A.S. 1991. Cell permeable fluorescent indicator for cytosolic chloride. Biochemistry 30:7879–7883
Borle, A.B., Bender, C. 1991. Effects of pH on Ca 2+ i , Na + i , and pH i of MDCK cells: Na+-Ca2+ and Na+-H+ antiporter interactions. Am. J. Physiol. 261: C482-C489
Brahm, J. Diffusional water permeability of human erythrocytes and their ghosts. J. Gen. Physiol. 79:791–819
Cabrini, G., Verkman, A.S. 1986. Potential sensitive response mechanism of diS-C3-(5) in biological membranes. J. Membrane Biol. 92:171–182
Chao, A.C., Dix, J.A., Sellers, M., Verkman, A.S. 1989. Fluorescence measurement of chloride transport in monolayer cultured cells: mechanisms of chloride transport in fibroblasts. Biophys. J. 56:1071–1081
Chao, A.C., Widdicombe, J.H., Verkman, A.S. 1990. Chloride transport mechanisms in cultured canine tracheal epithelial cells measured by an entrapped fluorescent indicator. J. Membrane Biol. 113:193–202
Chen, P.−Y., Illsley, N.P., Verkman, A.S. 1988. Renal brush border chloride transport mechanisms characterized using a fluorescent indicator. Am. J. Physiol. 254:F114-F120
Chen, P−Y., Pearce, D., Verkman, A.S. 1988. Membrane water and solute permeability determined quantitatively by self−quenching of an entrapped fluorophore. Biochemistry 27:5713–5719
Chen, P.-Y., Verkman, A.S. 1987. Nonelectrolyte transport across renal proximal tubule cell membranes measured by tracer efflux and light scattering. Pfluegers Arch. 408:491–496
Cheng, S.H., Rich, D.P., Marshall, J., Gregory, R.J., Welsh, M.J., Smith, A.E. 1991. Phosphorylation of the R domain by cAMP-dependent protein kinase regulates the CFTR chloride channel. Cell 66:1027–36
Dho, S., Foskett, J.K. 1993. Optical imaging of Cl-permeabilities in normal and CFTR-expressing mouse L cells. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1152:83–90
Dunn, S.M.J., Martin, C. Agey, M.W., Miyazaki, R. 1989. Functional reconstitution of the bovine brain GABA receptor from solubilized components. Biochemistry 28:2545–2551
Echevarria, M., Verkman, A.S. 1992. Optical measurement of osmotic water transport in cultured cells: evaluation of the role of glucose transporters. J. Gen. Physiol. 99:573–589
Etter, E.F., Kuhn, M.A., Fay, F.S. 1994. Detection of changes in near-membrane Ca2+ concentration using a novel membrane associated with Ca2+ indicator. J. Biol. Chem. 269:10141–10149
Farinas, J., Simenak, V., Verkman, A.S. 1995. Cell volume measured in adherent cells by total internal reflection microfluorimetry: application to permeability in cells transfected with water channel homologs. Biophys. J. 68:1613–1620
Finkelstein, A. 1987. Water Movement through Lipid Bilayers, Pores, and Plasma Membranes: Theory and Reality. New York, Wiley & Sons
Fischbarg, J., Kunyan, K., Hirsch, J., Lecuona, S., Rogozinski, L., Silverstein, S., Loike, J. 1989. Evidence that the glucose transporter serves as a water channel in J774 macrophages. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:8397–8401
Fischbarg, J., Kunyan, K., Vera, J.C., Arant, S., Silverstein, S., Loike, J., Rosen, O.M. 1990. Glucose transporters serve as water channels. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:3244–3247
Flamion, B., Spring, K.R. 1990. Water permeability of apical and basolateral cell membranes of rat inner medullary collecting duct. Am. J. Physiol. 259:F986-F999
Frederickson, C.J., Kasarskis, E.J., Ringo, D., Frederickson, R.E. 1987. A quinoline fluorescence method for visualizing and assaying the histochemically reactive zinc (Bouton zinc) in the brain. J. Neurosci. Meth. 20:91–103
Garcia-Calvo, M., Ruiz-Gomez, A., Vazquez, J., Morato, E., Val-divieso, R., Mayor, F. 1989. Functional reconstitution of the glycine receptor. Biochemistry 28:6405–6409
Giuliano, K., Gillies, R. 1987. Determination of intracellular pH of BALB/c-3T3 cells using fluorescence of pyranine. Anal. Biochem. 167:362–371
Graber, M.L., DiLillo, D.C., Friedman, B.L., Pastoriza, E., Munoz, E. 1986. Characteristics of fluoroprobes for measuring intracellular pH. Anal. Biochem. 156:202–212
Harootunian, A.T., Kao, J.P., Eckert, B.K., Tsien, R.Y. 1989. Fluorescence ratio imaging of cytosolic free Na+ in individual fibroblasts and lymphocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 264:19458–19467
Harris, H. W., Handler, J.S., Blumenthal, R. 1990. Apical membrane vesicles of ADH-stimulated toad bladder are highly water permeable. Am. J. Physiol. 258:F237-F243
Hartmann, T., Verkman, A.S. 1990. Model of ion transport regulation in chloride-secreting airway epithelial cells: integrated description of electrical, chemical and fluorescence measurements. Biophys. J. 58:391–401
Illsley, N.P., Verkman, A.S. 1987. Membrane chloride transport measured using a chloride-sensitive fluorescent indicator. Biochemistry 26:1215–1219
Jiang, C., Finkbeiner, W.E., Widdicombe, J.H., McCray, P.B., Jr., Miller, S.S. Altered fluid transport across airway epithelium in cystic fibrosis. Science 262:424–427
Jung, D.W., Apel, L., Brierley, G.P. 1990. Matrix free Mg2+ changes with metabolic state in isolated heart mitochondria. Biochemistry 29:4121–4128
Kao, H.P., Verkman, A.S. 1994. Tracking of single fluorescent particles in three dimensions: use of cylindrical optics to encode particle position. Biophys. J. 67:1291–1300
Kedem, O., Katchalsky, A. 1958. Thermodynamic analysis of the permeability of biological membranes to nonelectrolytes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 27:229–246
Kim, Y., Illsley, N.P., Verkman, A.S. 1988. Rapid fluorescence assay of glucose and neutral solute transport using an entrapped volume indicator. Anal. Biochem. 172:403–409
Krapf, R., Berry, C.A., Verkman, A.S. 1988. Estimation of intracellular chloride activity in isolated perfused rabbit proximal tubules using a fluorescent probe. Biophys. J. 53:955–962
Krapf, R., Illsley, N.P., Tseng, H.C., Verkman, A.S. 1988. Structure-activity relationships of chloride-sensitive fluorescent indicators for biological application. Anal. Biochem. 169:142–150
Kuwahara, M., Berry, C.A., Verkman, A.S. 1988. Rapid development of vasopressin-induced hydroosmosis in kidney collecting tubules measured by a new fluorescence technique. Biophys. J. 54:595–602
Kuwahara, M., Shi, L.-B., Marumo, F., Verkman, A.S. 1991. Transcellular water flow modulates water channel exocytosis and endocytosis in kidney collecting tubule. J. Clin. Invest. 88:423–429
Kuwahara, M., Verkman, A.S. 1988. Direct fluorescence measurement of diffusional water permeability in the vasopressin-sensitive kidney collecting tubule. Biophys. J. 54:587–593
Levitt, D.G., Mlekoday, H.J. 1983. Reflection coefficient and permeability of urea and ethyleneglycol in the human red cell membrane. J. Gen. Physiol. 81:239–254
Loew, L.M. 1992. Voltage-sensitive dyes: measurement of membrane potentials induced by DC and AC electric fields. Bioelectromag. Suppl. 1:179–189
Loew, L.M., Cohen, L.B., Dix, J., Fluhler, E.N., Montana, V., Salama, G., Wu, J.Y. 1992. A naphthyl analog of the aminostyryl pyridinium class of potentiometric membrane dyes shows consistent sensitivity in a variety of tissue, cell, and model membrane preparations. J. Membrane Biol. 130:1–10
Lukacs, G.L., Kapus, A., Nanda, A., Romanek, R., Grinstein, S. 1993. Proton conductance of the plasma membrane: properties, regulation, and functional role. Am. J. Physiol. 265: C3-C14
MacVinish, L.J., Reancharoen, T., Cuthbert, A.W. 1993. Kinin-induced chloride permeability changes in colony 29 epithelia estimated from 125I efflux and MEQ fluorescence. Brit. J. Pharm. 108:469–478
Mason, M.J., Grinstein, S. 1990. Effect of cytoplasmic acidification on the membrane potential of T-lymphocytes: role of trace metals. J. Membrane Biol. 116:139–148
Minta, A., Kao, J., Tsien, R. 1989. Fluorescent indicators for cytosolic calcium based on rhodamine and fluorescein chromophores. J. Biol. Chem. 264:8171–8178
Minta, A., Tsien, R.Y. 1989. Fluorescent indicators for cytosolic sodium. J. Biol. Chem. 264:19449–19457
Moore, E.D., Fay, F.S. 1993. Isoproterenol stimulates rapid extrusion of sodium from isolated smooth muscle cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:8058–8062
Muallem, S., Zhang, R., Loessberg, P.A., Star, R.A. 1992. Simultaneous recording of cell volume changes and intracellular pH or Ca2+ concentration in single osteosarcoma cells UMR-106–01. J. Biol. Chem. 267:17658–17664
Mulberg, A.E., Tulk, B.M., Forgac, M. 1991. Modulation of coated vesicle chloride channel activity and acidification by reversible protein kinase A-dependent phosphorylation. J. Biol. Chem. 266:20590–20593
Negulescu, P.A., Machen, T.E. 1990. Intracellular ion activities and membrane transport in parietal cells measured with fluorescent dyes. Meth. Enzymol. 192:38–81
Pearce, D., Verkman, A.S. 1989. NaCl reflection coefficients in proximal tubule apical and basolateral membrane vesicles: measurement by induced osmosis and solvent drag. Biophys. J. 55:1251–1259
Plasek, J., Dale, R.E., Sigler, K., Laskay, G. 1994. Transmembrane potentials in cells: a diS-C3(3) assay for relative potentials as an indicator of real changes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1196:181–190
Ram, S.J., Kirk, K.L. 1989. Cl permeability of human sweat duct cells monitored with fluorescence-digital imaging microscopy: evidence for reduced plasma membrane Cl permeability in cystic fibrosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 24:10166–10170
Reers, M., Smith, T.W., Chen, L.B. 1991. J-aggregate formation of a carbocyanine as a quantitative fluorescent indicator of membrane potential. Biochemistry 30:4480–4486
Seamer, L.C., Mendler, R.N. 1992. Method to improve the sensitivity of flow cytometric membrane potential measurements in mouse spinal cord cells. Cytometry 13:545–552
Seksek, O., Biwersi, J., Verkman, A.S. 1995. Direct measurement of trans-Golgi pH in living cells and regulation by second messengers. J. Biol. Chem. 270:4967–4970
Shahrohk, Z., Bicknese, S., Shohet, S.B., Verkman, A.S. 1992. Single photon radioluminescence. II. Experimental detection and biological applications. Biophys. J. 63:1267–1279
Shi, L.-B., Fushimi, K., Verkman, A.S. 1991. Solvent drag measurement of transcellular and basolateral membrane NaCl reflection coefficient in mammalian proximal tubule. J. Gen. Physiol. 98:379–398
Shi, L.-B., Verkman, A.S. 1989. Very high water permeability in vasopressin-dependent endocytic vesicles in toad urinary bladder. J. Gen. Physiol. 94:1101–1115
Sullivan, L.P., Grantham, J.A., Rome, L., Wallace, D., Grantham, J.J. 1990. Fluorescein transport in isolated proximal tubules in vitro: epifluorometric analysis. Am. J. Physiol. 258:F46-F51
Thomas, J.A., Buchsbaum, R.N., Zimniak, A., Racker, E. 1979. Intracellular pH measurements in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells utilizing spectroscopic probes generated in situ. Biochemistry 18:2210–2218
Van Hoek, A.N., Verkman, A.S. 1992. Functional reconstitution of the isolated erythrocyte water channel CHIP28. J. Biol. Chem. 267:18267–18269
Verkman, A.S. 1987. Mechanism and kinetics of merocyanine 540 binding to phospholipid membranes. Biochemistry 26:4050–4056
Verkman, A.S. 1987. Passive H+/OH− permeability in epithelial brush border membranes. J. Bioenerg. Biomembr. 19:481–493
Verkman, A.S. 1989. Mechanisms and regulation of water permeability in renal epithelia. Am. J. Physiol. 257:C837-C850
Verkman, A.S. 1990. Development and biological applications of chloride-sensitive fluorescent indicators. Am. J. Physiol. 259: C375-C388
Verkman, A.S. 1993. Water Channels. In: Molecular Biology Intelligence Series. pp. 1–18. R.G. Landes, Austin, Texas
Verkman, A.S. 1995. Molecular Biophysics of Kidney Water Channels. In: Molecular Biology of the Kidney in Health and Disease. D. Schlondorff and J.V. Bonventre, editors, pp. 459–468. Marcel Dekker, New York
Verkman, A.S., Biwersi, J. 1995. Chloride-sensitive Fluorescent Indicators. In: Methods in Neurosciences, vol. 27 J. Kraicer and S.J. Dixon, editors, pp. 328–339. Academic Press
Verkman, A.S., Chao, A.C., Hartmann, T. 1992. Hormonal regulation of chloride conductance in cultured polar airway cells measured by a fluorescent indicator. Am. J. Physiol. 262: C23-C31
Verkman, A.S., Dix, J.A., Seifter, J.L. 1985. Water and urea transport in renal microvillus membrane vesicles. Am. J. Physiol. 248:F650-F655
Verkman, A.S., Lencer, W., Brown, D., Ausiello, D.A. 1988. Endosomes from kidney collecting tubule contain the vasopressin-sensitive water channel. Nature 333:268–269
Verkman, A.S., Sellers, M., Chao, A.C., Leung, T., Ketcham, R. 1989. Synthesis and characterization of improved chloride-sensitive fluorescent indicators for biological applications. Anal. Biochem. 178:355–361
Verkman, A.S., Takla, R., Sefton, B., Basbaum, C., Widdicombe, J.H. 1989. Quantitative fluorescence measurement of chloride transport in phospholipid vesicles. Biochemistry 28:4240–4244
Whitaker, J.E., Haugland, R.P., Prendergast, F.G. 1991. Spectral and photophysical studies of benzoacxanthene dyes: dual emission of pH sensors. Anal. Biochem. 194:330–344
Wilson, H.A., Seligman, B.E., Chused, T.M. 1985. Voltage-sensitive cyanine dye fluorescence signals in lymphocytes: plasma membrane and mitochondrial components. J. Cell Biol. 125:61–71
Xia, P., Persson, B.-E., Spring, K.R. 1995. The chloride concentration in the lateral intercellular space of MDCK cell monolayers. J. Membrane Biol. 144:21–30
Ye, R., Verkman, A.S. 1989. Osmotic and diffusional water permeability measured simultaneously in cells and liposomes. Biochemistry 28:824–829
Zhang, R., Logee, K., Verkman, A.S. 1990. Expression of mRNA coding for kidney and red cell water channels in Xenopus oocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 265:15375–15378
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
I thank Joachim Biwersi, Javier Farinas and Nallagounder Periasamy for critical review of this manuscript. This work was supported by grants DK43840, DK35124, HL42368 and HL85854 from the National Institutes of Health, and grants from the National Cystic Fibrosis Foundation and American Heart Association.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Verkman, A.S. Optical methods to measure membrane transport processes. J. Membarin Biol. 148, 99–110 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00207267
Received:
Revised:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00207267