Abstract
The total length of Japanese coastline is about 34,500 km. Most of the coastal lowlands are now so intensively used that a large proportion of the Japanese coast has been artificially modified. Therefore, coastal countermeasures against several kinds of natural and man-induced hazards are the serious problems for Japanese. When we go down to the beaches, there are many kinds of armor blocks, breakwaters and dykes for the shore protection. Among the Japanese coastline, 15,900 km needs some protection of which 9,400 km was protected with some kinds of artificial structures in 1992. It is probable that no nation has used armor blocks so extensively as Japan.
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Koike, K. The countermeasures against coastal hazards in Japan. GeoJournal 38, 301–312 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00204722
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00204722