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Vital reactions to frostbite of the ear and paw skin in guinea pigs exposed to the cold

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Summary

Vital reactions to frostbite in the paw and ear skin of guinea pigs were studied in order to find an animal model for frostbite in cases of accidental hypothermia. One group of animals was rendered hypothermic (rectal temperature, 30°C) by exposure to an ambient temperature of −20°C, and samples were taken from the frozen skin. A second group was rendered hypothermic and rewarmed in warm air at 45°C, and samples were taken from the thawed skin. The only vital reaction in the first group (freezing time, 4–5 h) was mild initial inflammation, which was expressed in granulocyte adhesion to the vessel wall and the migration of a few cells into the dermis. The inflammatory reaction was more distinct in the second group (freezing and thawing together 5–7 h), with a large number of granulocytes being present in the dermis. Oedema and hyperaemia were also present in the frostbitten tissue after thawing, but no signs of necrosis developed. The alkaline-phosphatase reaction demonstrated the presence of granulocytes more clearly than H & E or Masson trichrome staining. Vital reactions were more advanced in the ear skin. It is concluded that vital reactions are very scarce in cases of frostbite, even after several hours' exposure, unless the tissue is allowed to thaw.

Zusammenfassung

Vitale Reaktionen bei Pfoten- und Ohrenhauterfrierungen wurden an Meerschweinchen erforscht, um ein Tiermodell für Erfrierungen bei akzidenteller Hypothermie zu definieren. Eine Gruppe von Tieren wurde bei −20°C unterkühlt (Trec 30°C) und die Proben wurden der gefrorenen Haut entnommen. Die andere Gruppe wurde unterkühlt (Tree 30°C), und erwärmt in warmer Luft (+45°C), und die Proben wurden der aufgetauten Haut entnommen. In der ersten Gruppe (4–5 Std Erfrierungszeit) bestand die einzige vitale Reaktion in einer leichten Entzündung im Anfangsstadium, die sich in einer Festsetzung der Granulozyten an der Gefäßwand und der Wanderung einiger weniger Zellen in die Dermis zeigte. Die entzündliche Reaktion was ausgeprägter in der zweiten Gruppe (insgesamt 5–7 Std Erfrierungs-/Auftau-Zeit) mit mehr Granulozyten in der Dermis. Es traten auch Ödem und Hyperämie in den aufgetauten Erfrierungen auf, jedoch waren Anzeichen für Nekrose nicht festzustellen. Die alkalische Phosphatase-Reaktion zeigte die Granulozythen deutlicher als H-E und das Masson Trichrom-Färbung. Die Reaktion in der Ohrenhaut war fortgeschrittener. Die Schlußfolgerung ist, daß vitale Reaktionen bei Erfrierungen auch nach einigen Stunden im Frost sehr gering sind, wenn das Gewebe nicht aufgetaut wird.

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Hirvonen, J. Vital reactions to frostbite of the ear and paw skin in guinea pigs exposed to the cold. Z Rechtsmed 103, 249–256 (1990). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00204369

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