Abstract
P700 is rapidly, but only transiently photooxidized upon illuminating dark-adapted leaves. Initial oxidation is followed by a reductive phase even under far-red illumination which excites predominantly photosystem (PS) I. In this phase, oxidized P700 is reduced by electrons coming from PSII. Charge separation in the reaction center of PSI is prevented by the unavailability of electron acceptors on the reducing side of PSI. It is subsequently made possible by the opening of an electron gate which is situated between PSI and the electron acceptor phosphoglycerate. Electron acceptors immediately available for reduction while the gate is closed corresponded to 10 nmol · (mg chlorophyll)−1 electrons in geranium leaves, 16 nmol · (mg chlorophyll)−1 in sunflower and 22 nmol · (mg chlorophyll)−1 in oleander. Reduction of NADP during the initial phase of P700 oxidation showed that the electron gate was not represented by ferredoxin-NADP reductase. Availability of ATP indicated that electron flow was not hindered by deactivation of the thylakoid ATP synthetase. It is concluded that NADP-dependent glyceraldehydephosphate dehydrogenase is completely deactivated in the dark and activated in the light. The rate of activation depends on the length of the preceding dark period. As chloroplasts contain both NAD- and NADP-dependent glyceraldehydephosphate dehydrogenases, deactivation of the NADP-dependent enzyme disconnects chloroplast NAD and NADP systems and prevents phosphoglycerate reduction in the dark at the expense of NADPH and ATP which are generated by glucose-6-phosphate oxidation and glycolytic starch breakdown, respectively.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- Chl:
-
chlorophyll
- P700 :
-
electron donor pigment in the reaction center of photosystem I
References
Badger, M.R., Sharkey, T.D., von Caemmerer, S. (1984) The relationship between steady state gas exchange of bean leaves and the levels of carbon reduction cycle intermediates. Planta 160, 305–313
Browse, J., Roughan, P.G., Slack, C.R. (1981) Light control of fatty acid synthesis and diurnal fluctuations of fatty acid composition in leaves. Biochem. J. 196, 347–354
Buchanan, B.B. (1980) Role of light in the regulation of chloroplast enzymes. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 31, 341–374
Carillo, N., Lucero, H.A., Vallejos, R.H. (1981) Light modulation of chloroplast membrane-bound ferredoxin-NADP oxidoreductase. J. Biol. Chem. 256, 1058–1059
Edwards, G., Walker, D.A. (1983) C3, C4: Mechanisms, and cellular and environmental regulation, of photosynthesis. Blackwell, Oxford
Hammp, R. (1985) ADP, AMP: Luminometric method. In: Methods of enzymatic analysis, vol. 7, pp. 371–379, Bergmeyer, H.U., Bergmeyer, J., Grassl, M., eds. Verlag Chemie, Weinheim
Haslett, B.G., Cammack, R., Whatley, F.R. (1973) Quantitative studies on ferredoxin in greening bean leaves. Biochem. J. 136, 697–703
Heber, U., Santarius, K.A. (1965) Compartmentation and reduction of pyridine nucleotides in relation to photosynthesis. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 100, 390–408
Laisk, A., Eichelmann, H. (1989) Towards understanding oscillations: a mathematical model of the biochemistry of photosynthesis. In: New vistas in measurement of photosynthesis, pp. 143–157, Walker, D.A., Osmond, C.B., eds. Royal Society, London
Laisk, A., Walker, D.A. (1986) Control of phosphate turnover as a rate-limiting factor and possible cause of oscillations in photosynthesis: A mathematical model. Proc. R. Soc. London B 227, 281–302
Laisk, A., Walker, D.A. (1989) A mathematical model of electron transport. Thermodynamic necessity for photosystem II regulation: “Light stomata”. Proc. R. Soc. London B 237, 417–444
Laisk, A., Eichelmann, H., Eatherall, A., Walker, D.A. (1989a) A mathematical model of the carbon metabolism in photosynthesis. Difficulties in explaining oscillations by fructose 2,6-bisphosphate regulation. Proc. R. Soc. London B 237, 389–415
Laisk, A., Oja, V., Kiirats, O., Raschke, K., Heber, U. (1989b) The state of the photosynthetic apparatus in leaves as analyzed by rapid gas exchange and optical methods: The pH of the chloroplast stroma, and activation of enzymes in vivo. Planta 177, 350–358
Michal, G. (1984) d-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, dihydroxyacetone phosphate and d-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. In: Methods of enzymatic analysis, vol.6, pp. 342–350, Bergmeyer, H.U., Berg-meyer J., Grassl, M., eds. Verlag Chemie, Weinheim
Müller, B., Ziegler, I., Ziegler, H. (1969) Lichtinduzierte reversible Aktivitätssteigerung der NADP-abhängigen Glyceraldehyd-3-phosphat-Dehydrogenase in Chloroplasten. Zum Mechanismus der Reaktion. Eur. J. Biochem. 9, 101–106
Naik, M.S., Munjal, S.V., Desai, B.B. (1988) Regulation of light and dark assimilation of nitrate in plants. ISI Atlas of Science: Plants and Animals. 1, 275–278
Neubauer, C., Schreiber, U. (1989) Dithionite-induced fluorescence quenching does not reflect reductive activation in spinach chloroplasts. Bot. Acta 102, 314–318
Oh-hama, T., Miyachi, S. (1960) Changes in levels of pyridine nucleotides in Chlorella cells during the course of photosynthesis. Plant Cell Physiol. 1, 155–162
Rühle, W., Pschorn, R., Wild, A. (1987) Regulation of the photosynthetic electron transport during dark-light transitions by activation of the ferredoxin-NADP+-oxidoreductase in higher plants. Photosynth. Res. 11, 161–171
Santarius, K.A., Heber, U. (1965) Changes in the intracellular levels of ATP, ADP, AMP and p1 and regulatory function of the adenylate system in leaf cells during photosynthesis. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 100, 39–54
Satoh, K. (1981) Fluorescence induction and activity of ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase in Bryopsis chloroplasts. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 638, 327–333
Satoh, K., Katoh, S. (1980) Light-induced changes in chlorophyll a fluorescence and cytochrome f in intact spinach chloroplasts: The site of light-dependent regulation of electron transport. Plant Cell Physiol. 21, 907–916
Scheibe, R., Geissler, A., Fickenscher, K. (1989) Chloroplast glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase: KM shift upon light modulation and reduction. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 274, 290–297
Scheibe, R. (1990) Light/dark modulation: Regulation of chloroplast metabolism in a new light. Bot. Acta, in press
Schreiber, U., Klughammer, C., Neubauer, U. (1988) Measuring P700 absorbance changes around 830 nm with a new type of pulse modulation system. Z. Naturforsch. 43c, 686–698
Racker, E. (1984) l-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. In: Methods of enzymic analysis, vol. 4, pp. 561–565, Bergmeyer, H. U., Berg-meyer, J., Grassl, M., eds. Verlag Chemie, Weinheim
Takahama, U., Shimizu-Takahama, M., Heber, U. (1981) The redox state of the NADP system in illuminated chloroplasts. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 637, 530–539
Wulff, K., Döppen, W. (1985) ATP: Luminometric method. In: Methods of enzymic analysis, vol. 7, pp. 357–364, Bergmeyer, H. U., Bergmeyer, J., Grassl, M., eds., Verlag Chemie, Wein-heim
Ziegler, H., Ziegler, I. (1965) Der Einfluß der Belichtung auf die NADP-abhängige Glycerinaldehyd-3-phosphat-Dehydrogenase. Planta 65, 369–380
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
Cooperation of the Institute of Botany of the University of Würzburg with the Institute of Astrophysics and Atmospheric Physics of the Estonian Academy of Sciences in Tartu was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and the Estonian Academy of Sciences. This work was performed within the Sonderforschungsbereich 251 of the University of Würzburg.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Siebke, K., Laisk, A., Neimanis, S. et al. Regulation of chloroplast metabolism in leaves: Evidence that NADP-dependent glyceraldehydephosphate dehydrogenase, but not ferredoxin-NADP reductase, controls electron flow to phosphoglycerate in the dark-light transition. Planta 185, 337–343 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00201053
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00201053