Summary
The oxygen (1s) ESCA peak for aspen explosion pulp consists of two components, O1 and O2. A tentative assignment was made for them. O1 with lower binding energy is assigned to oxygen in lignin; while O2 comes mainly from the oxygen elements in carbohydrates. Thus, an O1 area percentage might be viewed as a measure of lignin exposed on the fiber surface. Sulfur (2p) spectra show that the sulfur on the fiber surface of the pulps studied here is in the form of sulfonate groups. Compared to conventional pulps, the lower percentage of O1 and higher sulfur-to-carbon ratio for explosion pulps imply higher number of hydrophilic groups exposed on their fiber surface.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abe, N.; Ito, M. 1978: Effects of hydrogen bonding on the raman intensities of methanol, ethanol and water. J. Raman Spectrosc. 7: 161–167
Ahmed, A.; Adnot, A.; Kaliaguine, S. 1987: ESCA study of the solid residues of supercritical extraction of Populus tremuloïdes in methanol. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 34: 359–375
Ahmed, A.; Adnot, A.; Kaliaguine, S. 1988: ESCA analysis of partially converted lignocellulosic materials. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 35: 1909–1919
Barry, A. O.; Koran, Z.; Kaliaguine, S. 1990: Surface analysis by ESCA of sulfite posttreated CTMP. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 39: 31–42
Clark, D. T.; Cromarty, B. J.; Dilks, A. 1978: A theoretical investigation of molecular core binding and relaxation energies in a series of oxygen-containing organic molecules of interest in the study of surface oxidation of polymers. J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Chem. Ed. 16: 3173–3184
Glennie, D. N. 1971: Reactions in sulfite pulping. In: Sarkanen, K. V., Ludwig, C. H. (Eds): Lignins: occurrence, formation, structure and reactions, chapter 1, pp. 597–638. New York: Wiley-Interscience
Heitner, C.; Atack, D. 1983: Ultra-high-yield pulping of aspen, effects of ion content. Pulp Paper Can. 84: T252-T257
Hua, X.; Kokta, B. V.; Kaliaguine, S. 1991: Explosion pulping of aspen. Proceedings of Cellulose 91
Hua, X.; Kaliaguine, S.; Kokta, B. V.; Adnot, A. 1992: Surface analysis of explosion pulp by ESCA, I. C1s spectra and oxygen-to-carbon ratios. Submitted to Wood Sci. Technol. 28:
Kamdem, D. P.; Riedl, B.; Adnot, A.; Kaliaguine, S. 1991: ESCA spectroscopy of (polymethylmethacrylate) grafted onto wood fibers. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 43: 1901–1912
Lindberg, B. J.; Hamrin, K.; Johansson, G.; Gelius, U.; Fahlman, A.; Nordling, C.; Siegbahn, K. 1970: Molecular spectroscopy by means of ESCA II. Sulfur compounds, correlation of electron binding energy with structure. Phys. Scr. 1: 286–298
Mixan, C. E.; Lambert, J. B. 1973: An ESCA study of the sulfur-nitrogen bond in sulfimides. J. Org. Chem. 38: 1350–1353
Nordfors, D.; Nilsson, A.; Mårtensson, N.; Svensson, S.; Gelius, U. 1991: X-ray excited photoelectron spectra of free molecules. J. Electron Spectrosc. 56: 117–164
Raber, D. J.; Raber, N. K. 1988: Organic Chemistry. Chapter 18, St. Paul: West Publishing Company
Ratajczak, H.; Orville-Thomas, W. J.; Rao, C. N. R. 1976: Charge transfer theory of hydrogen bonds: relations between vibrational spectra and energy of hydrogen bonds. Chem. Phys. 17: 197–216
Reilman, R. F.; Msezane, A.; Manson, S. T. 1976: Relative intensities in photoelectron spectroscopy of atoms and molecules. J. Electron Spectrosc. 8: 389–394
Scofield, J. H. 1976: Hartree-Slater subshell photoionization cross-sections at 1257 and 1487 eV. J. Electron Spectrosc. 8: 129–137
Seth-Paul, W. A.; Duyse, A. van; Tollenaere, J. P. 1973: Empirical relations between σ I, σ oR and Taft σ * values of alkyl, acyl, benzoyl and substituted phenyl groups. J. Mol. Struct. 19: 811–832
Siegbahn, H.; Asplund, L.; Kelfve, P.; Siegbahn, K. 1975: ESCA applied to liquids, III. ESCA phase shifts in pure and mixed organic solvents. J. Electron Spectrosc. 7: 411–419
Siggel, M. R. F.; Thomas, T. D. 1989: Linear correlation of oxygen core-ionization energies of alcohols and acids with those of the corresponding methyl and ethyl ethers and esters. J. Electron Spectrosc. 48: 101–116
Tarchevsky, I. A.; Marchenko, G. N. 1991: Cellulose: Biosynthesis and Structure. Backinowski, L. V.; Chlenov, M. A. (Translators) Part II, Chapter 7, pp. 221–269 New York: Springer-Verlag
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hua, X., Kaliaguine, S., Kokta, B.V. et al. Surface analysis of explosion pulps by ESCA. Wood Sci.Technol. 28, 1–8 (1993). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00193871
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00193871