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Connections of the basal telencephalic areas c and d in the turtle brain

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Abstract

Tracer substances were injected into the basal telencephalic areas c and d of the turtle brain. These areas (Acd) have recently been shown to be connected reciprocally with the dorsal spino-medullary region, though the particular subregions involved in these projections remained unclear. We demonstrated that the efferent projections of area d terminate predominantly within or immediately adjacent to the trigeminal nuclear complex and in the high cervical spinal gray. The dendritic domain of the vagus-solitarius complex and the dorsal column nuclear complex might also receive some basal telencephalic efferents. The afferent projections to Acd, on the other hand, arise predominantly in the dorsal column nuclei as defined according to cytoarchitectural and hodological criteria. A few retrogradely labeled cells were found in the vagus-solitarius complex, the principal trigeminal nucleus and the high cervical spinal cord. Numerous labeled cells were found in the dorsolateral isthmo-rhombencephalic tegmentum, especially the n. visceralis secundarius, the n. vestibularis superior and parts of the lateral lemniscal complex. Aminergic cell populations projecting to Acd were the n. raphes inferior and superior, the locus coeruleus, the substantia nigra, pars compacta and the ventral tegmental area. Other meso-diencephalic cell groups were the griseum centrale (including the n. laminaris of the torus semicircularis), the n. interpeduncularis dorsalis, the nucleus of the fasciculus longitudinalis medialis, the nucleus and the nucleus interstitialis of flm, the n. interstitialis commissuralis posterior and then n. caudalis. Several hypothalamic regions, the reuniens complex and the perirotundal region of the thalamus also appeared to project heavily to Acd. Telencephalic areas retrogradely labeled after injection of tracer into Acd and its immediate surroundings were the rostral part of the lateral (olfactory) cortex, adjacent regions of the basal dorsal ventricular ridge and the n. centralis amygdalae, the n. tractus olfactorius lateralis as well as the areas g and h. The data suggest that areas c and d may correlate best with the ‘extended’ amygdala in mammals; further correlation with structures similar to the ventral striopallidum, however, cannot be excluded. Homostrategies are discussed with regard to the processing of higher-order somatovisceral information in turtles, birds and mammals.

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Abbreviations

Acb:

n. accumbens

Acd:

area c and area d

ADVR:

anterior dorsal ventricular ridge

AmyE:

extended amygdala

ASt:

archistriatum

Bas:

n. basalis

BDVR:

basal dorsal ventricular ridge

BStT:

bed nucleus of the stria terminalis

c:

area “c”

CA:

n. centralis amygdalae

Cbl:

cerebellum

CblN:

cerebellar nuclei

cc:

central canal

Cd:

n. caudalis

CoC:

cochlear nuclear complex

Col:

colliculus inferior

CxD:

dorsal cortex

CxL:

lateral cortex

CxM:

medial cortex (in Fig. 9 motor cortex)

CxS:

sensory cortex

d:

area “d”

D:

area D of ADVR

DC:

dorsal column nuclear complex

DL:

n. dorsolateralis anterior thalami

DLP:

n. dorsolateralis posterior thalami

DM:

n. dorsomedialis anterior thalami

DSM:

dorsal spino-medullary region

DVR:

dorsal ventricular ridge

Fa:

n. nervi facialis

fbl:

lateral forebrain bundle

FLM:

n. of flm

g:

area “g”

GC:

griseum centrale

GL:

n. geniculatus lateralis

h:

area “h”

Hb:

habenula

Hg:

n. nervi hypoglossi

Hph:

hypophysis

HSC:

high cervical spinal cord

Hyli:

intermediate rostrocaudal and dorsoventral region of Hy

HyPv:

periventricular hypothalamus

HyVi:

intermediate rostrocaudal and ventral region of Hy

HyVc:

caudal and ventral region of Hy

ICP:

n. interstitialis commissuralis posterior

In:

n. interstitialis of flm

IpD:

n. interpeduncularis dorsalis

IpV:

n. interpeduncularis ventralis

IsM:

n. isthmi, p. magnocellularis

IsP:

n. isthmi, p. parvocellularis

L:

lateral subdivision of ADVR

la:

lateral ascending bundle

LCr:

locus coeruleus

LL:

n. lemniscus lateralis

LTh:

n. lenticularis thalami

MLd:

n. mesencephalicus lateralis, pars dorsalis

MGP:

medial geniculate/posterior nuclear complex

oc:

chiasma opticum

Om:

n. nervi oculomotorii

ot:

tractus opticus

OT:

optic tectum

OTg:

n. opticus tegmenti

Ov:

n. ovalis

Pbr:

parabrachial complex

PHAL:

Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin

Pld:

pallidum

PlTh:

palliai thickening

PrM:

n. profundus mesencephali

PRo:

perirotundal complex

Ps:

Pseudemys scripta elegans

Ral:

n. raphes inferior

RaS:

n. raphes superior

Re:

n. reuniens

ReC:

Re and ReX

ReX:

region immediately lateral Re

RFI:

reticular formation, inferior field

RFM:

reticular formation, medial field

RFS:

reticular formation, superior field

Ro:

n. rotundus

Ru:

n. ruber

SGD:

spinal dorsal horn

SNC:

substantia nigra p. compacta

sol:

tractus solitarii

Sol:

n. tractus solitarii

SoVg:

solitarius-vagus nuclear complex

Str:

paleostriatum augmentatum

SuP:

n. suprapeduncularis

TOfL:

n. tractus olfactorii lateralis

TrC:

trigeminal nuclear complex

TrD:

n. descendons nervi trigemini

TrM:

n. motorius nervi trigemini

TrP:

n. principalis nervi trigemini

TrT:

area triangularis thalami

TSC, TS:

n. centralis

tvd:

dorsal telencephalic ventricular sulcus

tvv:

ventral telencephalic ventricular sulcus

VeC:

vestibular nuclear complex

VeDl:

n. vestibularis dorsolateralis

Vel:

n. vestibularis inferior/descendens

VeS:

n. vestibularis superior

VeVl:

n. vestibularis ventrolateralis

VgM:

n. motorius dorsalis, n. vagi

ViS:

n. visceralis secundarius

VTA:

ventral tegmental area

WGAH:

wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to HRP

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  1. Institute of Anatomy, University of Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 11, D-80336, Munich, Germany

    M. Siemen & H. Künzle

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  1. M. Siemen
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  2. H. Künzle
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Siemen, M., Künzle, H. Connections of the basal telencephalic areas c and d in the turtle brain. Anat Embryol 189, 339–359 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00190590

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