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The haemophilic pseudotumour

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Summary

The orthopaedic management of severe haemophilia is mainly concerned with intra-articular and intramuscular bleeding. Pseudotumour is a serious, but very rare, complication; it is a progressive cystic swelling involving muscle, produced by recurrent bleeding and accompanied by radiographic evidence of bone involvement. Ultrasonography, CT scan, MRI and vascular injection studies should be undertaken, but preoperative biopsy is contraindicated. Most pseudotumours are seen in adults and occur near the large bones of the proximal skeleton. However, a number develop distal to the wrist and ankle in younger patients before skeletal maturity. If untreated, proximal pseudotumours will destroy soft tissues, erode bone and produce vascular or neurological lesions. Surgical removal is the treatment of choice when it can be carried out in major haemophilia centres, and has a mortality rate of 20%. Regression, but not a true cure, may occur with long term replacement therapy and immobilisation; this conservative treatment is not recommended except in patients with high-titre inhibitors in whom operation is not a possibility. In these cases, percutaneous evacuation and filling with a fibrin seal or cancellous bone, depending on the size of the cavity, should be carried out. Distal pseudotumours should be treated primarily with long term factor replacement and cast immobilisation because they may respond to many modalities of conservative management. The presence of one or more progressively enlarging masses in the limbs or pelvis of a haemophiliac should raise the suspicion of a pseudotumour, although chondrosarcoma and liposarcoma have occurred in such patients.

Résumé

Le traitement orthopédique de l'hémophilie grave est principalement axé contre les hémarthroses récidivantes et les hémorragies intramusculaires. La survenue d'une pseudo-tumeur est une complication très grave, bien que très rare. La pseudotumeur est une inflammation kystique progressive affectant un muscle; elle est dûe à des hémorragies récidivantes et elle est accompagnée de signes radiologiques caractéristiques. La biopsie pré-opératoire est contre-indiquée, mais on peut réaliser des examens d'imagerie à visée diagnostique: échographie, résonance magnétique nucléaire, veinographie et artériographie. La majorité des pseudo-tumeurs chez l'adulte se situe sur les segments proximaux des membres. Au contraire, les pseuso-tumeurs distales (poignet, cheville) sont rencontrées exclusivement chez les jeunes hémophiles. L'évolution d'une pseudo-tumeur proximale non traitée est la destruction du tissu mou voisin, l'érosion osseuse et l'altération vasculaire ou neuro-vasculaire. Le traitement de choix est la résection de la pseudo-tumeur qu'il faut réaliser au sein d'un centre approprié, la mortalité actuelle après la résection étant de 20%. Le traitement non chirurgical (traitement subtitutif associé à une immobilisation) a procuré quelques rémissions mais pas de vraie guérison, c'est pourquoi ce traitement est réservé aux patients avec un taux élevé d'inhibiteur. Les pseudo-tumeurs distales ont eu un traitement conservateur avec fréquemment une bonne évolution. L'existence d'une tuméfaction de volume croissant au niveau des membres et du pelvis d'un hémophile doit faire aussi évoquer à côté des pseudo-tumeurs un chondrosarcome ou un liposarcome.

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Rodriguez Merchan, E.C. The haemophilic pseudotumour. International Orthopaedics 19, 255–260 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00185235

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