Abstract
Two hundred and seventy-six cases of esophageal atresia (EA) and tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) (173 males and 103 females) were studied. A cardiovascular malformation (CVM) was the most common associated anomaly (79 cases, 32%). The most common extracardiac malformations (ECM) included skeletal, gastrointestinal, and urinary tract anomalies. There was a significantly lower mortality in patients without associated anomalies (5%) compared to those with a major CVM (41%) (P<.01) but not compared to those with a minor CVM (10%). No significant difference in survival could be attributed to the specific types of CVM, although the overall survival in those with a non-complex CVM (64%) was higher than in those with a complex CVM (12%). It was not possible to associate a particular ECM with a specific form of CVM, but the greater the number of ECMs present, the greater the likelihood of associated CVM.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Beardon WE, Baker DH, Schullinger JN, Santulli TV (1979) Plain film detection of right aortic arch in infants with esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula. J Pediatr Surg 14: 436–437
Brundelet PJ, Sucksdorff J (1964) The cardiovascular component of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Acta Pediatr 53: 221–229
David TJ, O'Callaghan SE (1974) Cardiovascular malformations and oesophageal atresia. Br Heart J 36: 559–566
Fasting H, Winther LK (1978) Oesophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula, early and late results in 86 patients. Scand J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 12: 147–151
Freedom RM, Rosen FS, Nadas AS (1977) Congenital cardiovascular disease and anomalies of the third and fourth pharyngeal pouches. Circulation 46: 165–172
Freiman JA, Chalmers TC, Smith H, Kuebler RR (1978) The importance of beta, the type II error and sample size in the design and interpretation of the randomized control trial. New Engl J Med 299: 690–694
Greenwood RD, Rosenthal A (1976) Cardiovascular malformations associated with tracheoesophageal fistula and oesophageal atresia. Pediatrics 57: 87–91
Greenwood RD, Rosenthal A, Nadas AS (1974) Cardiovascular malformations associated with omphalocoele. J Pediatr 85: 818–821
Greenwood RD, Rosenthal A, Nadas AS (1975) Cardiovascular malformations associated with imperforate anus. J Pediatr 86: 576–579
Holder TM (1986) Esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula. In: Ashcraft KW, Holder TM (eds) Pediatric esophageal surgery. Grune and Stratton, New York pp 29–52
Holder TM, Ashcraft KW (1986) Cardiac disease. In: Welch KJ, Randolph JG, Ravitch MM, O'Neill JA, Rowe MI (eds) Pediatric surgery. Year Book, Chicago, pp 1385–1398
Louhimo I, Lindahl H (1983) Esophageal atresia: primary results of 500 consecutively treated patients. J Pediatr Surg 18: 217–229
Mehrizi A, Folger GM, Rowe RD (1966) Tracheoesophageal fistula associated with congenital cardiovascular malformation. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp 118: 246–250
Mellins RB, Blumenthal S (1964) Cardiovascular anomalies and esophageal atresia. Am J Dis Child 107: 160–164
Mitchell S, Karones SB, Berendes AW (1971) Congenital heart disease in 56, 109 births. Incidence and natural history. Circulation 43: 323–332
Quan L, Smith DW (1973) The VATER association, vertebral defects; anal atresia; T-E fistula with esophageal atresia; radial and renal dysphasia: a spectrum of associated defects. J Pediatr 82: 104–107
Randolph JG (1986) Esophageal atresia and congenital stenosis. In: Welch KJ, Randolph JG, Ravitch MM, O'Neill JA, Rowe MI (eds) Pediatric surgery. Year Book, Chicago, pp 682–694
Siegel S (1956) Nonparametric statistics for the behavioral sciences. McGraw-Hill, New York, pp 96–111
Temtamy SA, Miller JD (1974) Extending the scope of the VATER association: definition of the VATER syndrome. J Pediatr 85: 345–349
Waterston DJ, Carter REB, Aberdeen E (1962) Oesophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula. A study of survival in 218 infants. Lancet 1: 819–822
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
Offprint requests to: S. H. Ein
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ein, S.H., Izukawa, T., Su, WJ. et al. The influence of cardiovascular malformations on the prognosis of esophageal atresia and distal tracheoesophageal fistula. Pediatr Surg Int 4, 318–321 (1989). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00183398
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00183398