Conclusion
We have reviewed the somewhat conflicting data which have accumulated on such a vast scale in recent years. It is now becoming clearer which studies are likely to produce significant results, and this in itself may be a very important consequence of the assimilation of accumulated data. We must however ask in conclusion: does the outer radiation belt exist during the polar aurora? If the interplanetary media or the solar wind, carry magnetic fields, then these fields can be of two kinds. Firstly, they may be magnetic lines of force dragged by the plasma from the Sun. Secondly, the interplanetary medium or the solar wind are capable of carrying closed magnetic lines of force which are not related to the Sun. When such fields approach the Earth, the high-latitude geomagnetic lines of force which previously passed through the equatorial plane on the boundary of the magnetosphere, may deform in such a way as to pass out of one geomagnetic poles, miss the equatorial plane, enter the interplanetary plasma, and after passing through a very considerable volume of this plasma reach the other geomagnetic pole. This will in effect amount to an ‘attachment’ through the medium of magnetic lines of force of enormous regions of ionised interplanetary matter or of solar wind to the Earth's magnetosphere. As these extraneous magnetic fields depart from the Earth's neighbourhood, the original dipole field will be reestablished. Rapid variations in the configuration of the geomagnetic field will occur during the interaction. It is possible that energetic particles appear with a very high degree of probability on the boundary of the geomagnetic field during such deformations. If this is so, then the outer radiation belt is merely a temporary formation appearing during the quiet intervals between geomagnetic disturbances, and containing a small residue of energetic charged particles, which exist during the polar auroras but do not succeed in entering the lower atmosphere during this time. In this process the particles giving rise to the polar auroras originate in the plasma of the solar corpuscular streams flowing past the Earth.
Under the action of a solar wind the geomagnetic field is compressed at the front and elongated at the rear. This resembles the original Chapman theory of geomagnetic storms more closely than any other theory. Since the elongated geomagnetic field on the night side of the Earth is of a lower intensity, it may be associated with the magnetic fields brought in by the incident medium right down to very great depths. This may be responsible for the observed displacement at the zone of the polar auroras towards lower geomagnetic latitudes at night.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Anonym: 1962, Trans. Amer. Geophys. 43, 221.
Bagarjackij, B. A.: 1960, Sbornik ‘Issledovanie poljarnyh sijanij i svečenija nočnogo neba’, Izd. AN SSSR, 2–3, 11.
Barbier, D.: 1960, Ann. Geophys. 16, 544.
Chamberlain, J. W.: 1956, The Airglow and Aurora (ed. by E. B. Armstrong and A. Dalgarno), Pergamon Press, London, p. 206.
Chamberlain, J. W.: 1961a, Astrophys. J. 134, 401.
Chamberlain, J. W.: 1961b, Physics of the Aurora and Airglow, Academic Press, New York.
Chapman, S.: 1961, American Scientist 49, 249.
Chapman, S. and Little, C. G.: 1957, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. 10, 20.
Cole, K. D.: 1962, Australian J. Phys. 15, No. 2.
Cole, K. D.: 1963, J. Plan. Space Sci. 10, 129.
Davis, T. N.: 1960, J. Geophys. Res. 65, No. 10.
Dessler, A. J.: 1959, J. Geophys. Res. 64, 397.
Dolginov, S. S., Puškov, N. V.: 1963, Kosmičeskie issledovanija SSSR 1, 55.
Džordžio, N. V.: 1959, Sbornik ‘Issledovanye poljarnyh sijanij i svečenija nočnogo neba’, Izd. AN SSSR, 1, 30.
Džordžio, N. V.: 1960a, Izvestija AN SSSR, serija geofizičeskaja, No. 2–3, 45.
Džordžio, N. V.: 1960b, Izvestija AN SSSR, serija geofizičeskaja, No. 5, 714.
Džordžio, N. V.: 1962, Sbornik, ‘Issledovanye poljarnyh sijanij i svečenija nočnogo neba’, Izd. AN SSSR, 8, 17.
Elvey, C. T. and Romock, G. J.: 1958, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. 12, 283.
Fedorova, N. I.: 1961, J. Plan. Space Sci. 5, 70.
Gal'perin, Ju. I.: 1959a, Sbornik ‘Issledovanije poljarnyh sijanij i svečenija nočnogo neba’, Izd. AN SSSR, 1, 7.
Gal'perin, Ju. I.: 1959b, J. Plan. Space Sci. 1, 57.
Gal'perin, Ju. I.: 1962, Izvestija AN SSSR, serija geofizičeskaja 2, 252.
Gal'perin, Ju. I.: 1963, J. Plan. Space Sci. 10, 187.
Gal'perin, Ju. I. and Krasovskij, V. I.: 1963a, Kosmičeskie issledovanija SSSR 1, 126.
Gal'perin, Ju. I. and Krasovskij, V. I.: 1963b, Space Research 4.
Gartlein, C. W. and Sprage, G.: 1952, Mém. Soc. Roy. Sci., Liège, 12, 195.
Gringauz, K. I., Kurt, V. G., Moroz, V. I., Šklovskij, I. C.: 1961, Sbornik ‘Iskusstvennye Sputniki Zemli’ Izd. AN SSSR, 6, 108.
Heppner, J. P., Ness, N. F., Scearce, C. S., and Skillman, T. Z.: 1963, J. Geophys. Res. 68, No. 1.
Hoffman, R. A., Arnoldy, R. Y. and Winckler, J. R.: 1962, J. Geophys. Res. 67, 4543.
Imjanitov, I. M. and Švarč, Ja. M.: 1963, Sbornik ‘Iskusstvennye sputniki Zemli’, Izd. AN SSSR, 17, 59.
Imjanitov, I. M., Gdalevič, G. L., and Švarč, Ja. M.: 1963b, 'Sbornik Iskusstvennye sputniki Zemli’, Izd. AN SSSR, 17, 66.
Istomin, V. L.: 1961, Sbornik ‘Iskusstvennye sputniki Zemli’, Izd. AN SSSR, 6, 127.
Jacchia, L. G. and Slowey, J.: 1963, Smithsonian Astrophys. Obs., Special Report, No. 136.
Johansen, O. E., and Omholt, A.: 1963, J. Plan. Space Sci. 11, 1223.
Johnson, D., and Kavadas, A.: 1963, Space Research 4.
King, D. A. M. and Roach, F. E.: 1961, J. Res. U.S. Nat. Bur. Stand. D65, 129.
Krasovskij, V. I.: 1957, Priroda SSSR, No. 5, 55.
Krasovskij, V. I.: 1959, J. Plan. Space Sci. 1, 14.
Krasovskij, V. I.: 1960a, Trans. Int. Astron. Union 10, 716.
Krasovskij, V. I.: 1960b, A.R.S. Journal 30, No. 1, 27.
Krasovskij, V. I.: 1960c, Proc. 9 Int. Astronautical Congress, Stockholm, p. 518.
Krasovskij, V. I.: 1961a, Space Research 1.
Krasovskij, V. I.: 1961b, Usp. Fiz. Nauk 75, 501; 1961; J. Plan. Space Sci. 8, 125 (translation).
Krasovskij, V. I.: 1963, Space Research 4, in press.
Krasovskij, V. L, Gal'perin, Ju. I., Mironov, A. V., Prokudina, V. S., Šefov, N. N., Fedorova, N. I., and Bagariazkij, B. A.: 1958, Ann. Geophys. 14, 356.
Krasovskij, V. I., Kušnir, Ju. M., Bordovskij, G. A., Zaharov, G. F., and Svetličkij, E. M.: 1959, Sbornik ‘Iskusstvennye sputniki Zemli’ Izd. AN SSSR, 2, 59; 1961, J. Plan. Space Sci. 5, 233 (translation).
Krasovskij, V. I., Šklovskij, I. C., Gal'perin, Ju. I., Svetličkij, E. M., Kušnir, Ju. M., and Bor-Dovskij, G. A.: 1961, Sbornik ‘Iskusstvennye sputniki Zemli’. Izd. AN SSSR, 6, 113; 1962, J. Plan. Space Sci. 9, 77 (translation).
Krasovskij, V. I., Gal'perin, Ju. I., Džordžio, N. V., Muljarčik, T. M. and Boljunova, A. D.: 1963a, Kosmičeskie issledovanija SSSR 1, 132.
Krasovskij, V. I., Gal'perin, Ju. I., Džordžio, N. V., Muljarčik, T. M. and Bolunova, A. D.: 1963b, Space Research 4, in press.
Krasovskij, V. I. and Sefov, N. N.: 1963c, J. Plan. Space Sci. 11, 100.
Kurt, V. G. and Moroz, V. L: 1961, Sbornik ‘Iskusstvennye sputniki Zemli’, Izd. AN SSSR, 7, 78.
Lehnert, B.: 1956, Tellus 8, 241.
Manring, E. R. and Pettit, H. B.: 1959, J. Geophys. Res. 64, 149.
McIlwain, C. E.: 1958, I.G.Y. Rocket Report Series USA, 1, 164.
McIlwain, C. E.: 1960, J. Geophys. Res. 65, 2727.
Meredith, L. H., Davis, L. R., Heppner, J. R. and Berg, O. E.: 1958, I.G.Y. Rocket Report Series USA 1, 169.
Mironov, A. V., Prokudina, V. S. and Šefov, N. N.: 1959, Sbornik ‘Issledovanie poljarnyh sijanij i svečenija nočnogo neba’, Izd. AN SSSR, No. 1, 20.
Muljarčik, T. M.: 1959, Sbornik ‘Issledovanie poljarnyh sijanij i svečenija nočnogo neba’, Izd. AN SSSR, 1, 41.
Muljarčik, T. M.: 1960, Izvestija AN SSSR, serija geofizičeskaja, No. 3, 449.
Muljarčik, T. M. and Sceglov, P. V.: 1963, J. Plan. Space Sci. 10, 215.
Nicolet, M.: 1961a, J. Plan. Space Sci. 5, 1.
Nicolet, M.: 1961b, J. Geophys. Res. 66, 2263.
Obayashi, T. and Hakura, Y.: 1961, J. Plan. Space Sci. 5, 59.
O'Brien, B. J.: 1962, J. Geophys. Res. 67, 3687.
O'Brien, B. J.: 1963a, Space Sci. Revs. 1, 415.
O'Brien, B. J. 1963b, Space Research 4, in press.
O'Brien, B. J., VanAllen, J. A., Roach, F. E. and Gartlein, C. W.: 1960, J. Geophys. Res. 65, 2759.
O'Brien, B. J., VanAllen, J. A., Laughlin, C. D. and Frank, L. A.: 1962a, J. Geophys. Res. 67, 397.
O'Brien, B. J. and Laughlin, C. D.: 1962b, J. Geophys. Res. 67, 2267.
Omholt, A.: 1962, J. Plan. Space Sci. 9, 285.
Patterson, T. N. L., Johnson, F. S. and Hanson, W. B.: 1963, Space Research 4, in press.
Ponamarev, E. A.: 1960, Sbornik ‘Geomagnitnye vosmusenija’, Izd. AN SSSR, 4, 35.
Potapov, B. P., Rappoport, Z. Č., and Borsuk, B. T.: 1960, Sbornik ‘Issledovanie poljarnyh sijanij i svečenija nočnogo neba’, Izd. AN SSSR, 2–3, 42.
Rees, M. H.: 1961, J. Plan. Space Sci. 5, 99.
Reid, W. H. and Rees, M. H.: 1961, J. Plan. Space Sci. 5, 99.
Roach, F. E.: 1963, J. Geophys. Res. 68, 1015.
Roach, F. E. and Mariwich, E. A.: 1959, J. Res. U.S. Nat. Bur. Stand. D63, 297.
Roach, F. E. and Roach, J. R.: 1963, J. Plan. Space Sci. 11, 523.
Rosser, V. G. V., O'Brien, B. J., VanAllen, J. A., Frank, L. A., and Laughlin, C. D: 1962, J. Geophys. Res. 67, 4533.
Sandford, B. P.: 1962, J. Atmos. Ten: Phys. 29, 152.
Sandford, B. P.: 1963, J. Plan. Space Sci. 10, 195.
Sharp, G. W., Hanson, W. B., and McKibbin, D. D.: 1963, Space Research 4, in press.
Singer, S. F.: 1958, Phys. Rev. Letters 1, 181.
Stoffregen, W. and Derblom, H.: 1962, J. Plan. Space Sci. 9, 711.
Störmer, C.: 1931, Über die Probleme des Polarlichtes, Leipzig.
Störmer, C.: 1955, The Polar Aurora, Clarendon Press.
Sefov, N. N.: 1961, J. Plan. Space Sci. 5, 70.
Sefov, N. N.: 1963, J. Plan. Space Sci. 10, 71.
Šklovskij, I. S.: 1951, Doklady AN SSSR 81, 367.
Šklovskij, I. S.; 1958, Ann, Geophys. 14, 414.
Šklovskij, I. S., Krasovskij, V. I., and Gal'perin, Ju. I.: 1959, Izvestija AN SSSR,serija geofiziceskaja, No. 12, 1799.
Temnyj, V. V.: 1963a, Kosmičeskie issledovanija SSSR 1, 139.
Temnyj, V. V.: 1963b, Space Research 4, in press.
Trutče, Ju. L.: 1962, J. Plan. Space Sci. 9, 993.
Trutče, Ju. L.: 1963, Astronomičeskij cirkuljar SSSR, No. 258, 1.
Trutče, Ju. L.: 1964, Sbornik ‘Issledovanie poljarnyh sijanij i svečenija nočnogo neba’, Izd. AN SSSR, 11, in press.
VanAllen, J. A.: 1957, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA. 43, 57.
VanAllen, J. A., Ludwig, G. A., Ray, E. C., and McIlwain, C. E.: 1958, I. G. Y. Satellite Report Series, Washington, 3, 73.
VanAllen, J. A., McIlwain, C. E., and Ludwig, G. H.: 1959, J. Geophys. Res. 64, 271.
Vajsberg, O. L.: 1962, Sbornik ‘Issledovanie poljarnyh sijanij i svečenija nočnogo neba’, Izd. AN SSSR, 8, 36 and 43.
Vernov, S. N., Grigorov, N. L., Logacev, Ju. I., and Čudakov, A. E.: 1958, Sbornik ‘Iskusstvennye sputniki Zemli’, Izd. AN SSSR, 1, 5.
Vernov, S. N. and Lebedinskij, A. I. et al.: 1959a, Doklady AN SSSR 124, 1022.
Vernov, S. N., Vakulov, R. V., GorČakov, E. V., and LogaČev, Ju. I.: 1959b, Sbornik ‘Iskusstven- nye sputniki Zemli’, 2, 61.
Vernov, S. N., Cudakov, A. E., Lebedinskij, A. L., and Ivanenko, I. L.: 1960, Trudy Mezdunarodnoj konferencii po kosmiceskim lucam v Moskve v ijule 1959, Izd. AN SSSR, 3, 56.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
Translated by the Express Translation Servies, Wimbledon, London.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Krasovskij, V.I. Polar auroras. Space Sci Rev 3, 232–274 (1964). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00180266
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00180266