Naloxone and β-endorphin alter the effects of post-training epinephrine on memory

Abstract

These experiments examined the involvement of opioid peptides in the memory-modulating effects of post-training epinephrine (Epi). Mice were trained on inhibitory avoidance (IA) and Y-maze discrimination (YMD) tasks and given post-training injections followed by retention tests 24 h later. In the IA task retention was enhanced by low doses of Epi and impaired by high doses. In both tasks, naloxone facilitated retention and blocked the memory-impairing effects of Epi. These findings are consistent with other evidence suggesting that the memory-impairing effects of β-endorphin are mediated by the release of opioid peptides. Previous studies have shown that a novel exploratory experience given 1 h prior to training blocks the release of brain β-endorphin and blocks the memory-enhancing effects of post-training naloxone. In the present study we found that a novel experience given 1 h prior to training blocked the memory-impairing effect of post-training Epi otherwise obtained in both tasks. The effects of a low, memory-enhancing dose of Epi appear not to involve the release of opioid peptides: a low dose of Epi blocked the memory-impairing effect of β-endorphin. Further, low doses of Epi and naloxone, which were ineffective when administered alone, significantly enhanced retention when administered together. We interpret these findings as indicating that the memory-enhancing and memory-impairing effects of Epi are mediated by different mechanisms.