Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Direct observations of solar-wind particles

  • Published:
Space Science Reviews Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Direct observations of solar-wind particles are discussed in detail. A well-defined ‘quiet state’ of the solar wind is indicated by observations made from 1962 to 1967. The plasma properties in this quiet state are compared with those predicted by hydrodynamic models of the coronal expansion. While the basic flow parameters are predicted with reasonable accuracy by these models, the thermal properties of the solar-wind particles remain largely unexplained. As the interplanetary plasma is not in thermodynamic equilibrium, the thermal properties are determined by the specific energy-transfer mechanisms operative in the plasma. The observed magnitude of the magnetic-field-aligned anisotropy of proton random motions is interpreted as evidence for the presence of instability-generated waves; the effect of these waves on the thermal properties is examined. The observed chemical compositon of the solar wind is discussed and related to the solar origin of the inter-planetary material. Finally, the spatial and temporal structure of the medium is investigated through consideration of patterns of variation in the plasma properties.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Axford, W. I.: 1968, Space Sci. Rev. 8, 331.

    Google Scholar 

  • Axford, W. I., Dessler, A. J., and Gottlieb, R.: 1963, Astrophys. J. 137, 268.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bame, S. J., Hundhausen, A. J., Asbridge, J. R., and Strong, I. B.: 1968, Phys. Rev. Lett. 20, 393.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernstein, W.: 1964, in Space Physics (ed. by LeGalley and Rosen), John Wiley and Sons, New York, p. 397.

  • Biermann, L.: 1951, Z. Astrophys. 29, 274.

    Google Scholar 

  • Biermann, L.: 1953, Mem. Soc. Roy. Sci. Liège, 4th Series 13, 251.

    Google Scholar 

  • Billings, D. E.: 1966, A Guide to the Solar Corona, Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Biswas, S. and Fichtel, C. E.: 1964, Astrophys. J. 139, 941.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonetti, A., Bridge, H. S., Lazarus, A. J., Lyon, E. F., Rossi, B., and Scherb, F.: 1963, in Space Res., vol. III, p. 540.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brandt, J. C.: 1966a, Astrophys. J. 143, 265.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brandt, J. C.: 1966b, Astrophys. J. 144, 1221.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brandt, J. C.: 1967a, Astrophys. J. 147, 201.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brandt, J. C.: 1967b, Astrophys. J. 148, 905.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bridge, H. S.: 1963, Phys. Today 16, 31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bridge, H. S.: 1966, in The Solar Wind (ed. by R. J. Mackin, Jr. and M. Neugebauer), Pergamon Press, New York, p. 123.

  • Bridge, H. S., Dilworth, C., Rossi, B., Scherb, F., and Lyon, E. F.: 1960, J. Geophys. Res. 65, 3053.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burlaga, L. F.: 1968, Solar Phys. 4, 67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burlaga, L. F. and Ness, N. F.: 1967, NASA-GSFC Preprint X-612-67-278.

  • Chamberlain, J. W.: 1960, Astrophys. J. 131, 47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, S.: 1919, Proc. Roy. Soc. London A95, 61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Colburn, D. S. and Sonett, C. P.: 1966, Space Sci. Rev. 5, 439.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coleman, P. J., Jr., Davis, L., Jr., Smith, E. J., and Jones, D. E.: 1966, J. Geophys. Res. 71, 2831.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coleman, P. J., Jr., Davis, L., Jr., Smith, E. J., and Jones, D. E.: 1967, J. Geophys. Res. 72, 1637.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coon, J. H.: 1966, in Radiation Trapped in the Earth's Magnetic Field (ed. by B. M. McCormac), D. Reidel Publ. Co., Dordrecht, p. 231.

  • Coon, J. H.: 1968, in Earth's Particles and Fields (ed. by B. M. McCormac), Reinhold, New York, p. 359.

  • Davis, L. Jr.: 1965, in Stellar and Solar Magnetic Fields (ed. by R. Lüst), North-Holland Publ. Co., Amsterdam, p. 202.

  • Davis, L., Jr.: 1966, in The Solar Wind (ed. by R. J. Mackin, Jr. and M. Neugebauer), Pergamon Press, New York, p. 147.

  • Davis, L., Jr., Smith, E. J., Coleman, P. J., Jr., and Sonett, C. O.: 1966, in The Solar Wind (ed. by R. J. Mackin, Jr., and M. Neugebauer), Pergamon Press, New York, p. 35.

  • Dessler, A. J.: 1967, Rev. Geophys. 5, 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dicke, R. H.: 1964, Nature 202, 432.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferraro, V. C. A. and Bhatia, V. B.: 1967, Astrophys. J. 147, 220.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frank, L. A.: 1968, Trans. Am. Geophys. Union 49, 262.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaustad, J. E.: 1964, Astrophys. J. 139, 406.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gold, T.: 1955, in Gas Dynamics of Cosmic Clouds (ed. by H. C. Van de Hulst and J. M. Burgens), North-Holland Publ. Co., Amsterdam, p. 103.

  • Gosling, J. T., Asbridge, J. R., Bame, S. J., Hundhausen, A. J., and Strong, I. B.: 1967, J. Geophys. Res. 72, 3357.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gosling, J. T., Asbridge, J. R., Bame, S. J., Hundhausen, A. J., and Strong, I.B.: 1968, J. Geophys. Res. 73, 43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenstadt, E. W., Green, I. M., Inouye, G. T., Hundhausen, A. J., Bame, S. J., and Strong, I. B.: 1968, J. Geophys. Res. 73, 51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gringauz, K. I., Bezrukikh, V. V., Ozerov, V. D., and Rybchinskii, R. E.: 1960, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 131, 1301.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gringauz, K. I., Bezrukikh, V. V., Balandina, S. M., Ozerov, V. D., and Rybchinskii, R. E.: 1963, in Space Res., vol. III, p. 602.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gringauz, K. I., Bezrukikh, V. V., and Musatov, L. S.: 1966, in Book of Abstracts, Inter-Union Symp. on Solar-Terrestrial Phys., Belgrade, p. 14.

  • Hartle, R. E. and Sturrock, P. A.: 1968, Astrophys. J. 151, 1155.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hundhausen, A. J., Asbridge, J. R., Bame, S. J., and Strong, I. B.: 1966, in Book of Abstracts, Inter-Union Symp. on Solar-Terrestrial Phys., Belgrade, p. 14.

  • Hundhausen, A. J., Asbridge, J. R., Bame, S. J., Gilbert, H. E., and Strong, I. B.: 1967a, J. Geophys. Res. 72, 87.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hundhausen, A. J., Asbridge, J. R., Bame, S. J., and Strong, I. B.: 1967b, J. Geophys. Res. 72, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hundhausen, A. J., Bame, S. J., and Ness, N. F.: 1967c, J. Geophys. Res. 72, 5265.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hundhausen, A. J., Gilbert, H. E., and Bame, S. J.: 1968a, Astrophys. J. 152, L3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hundhausen, A. J., Gilbert, H. E., and Bame, S. J.: 1968b, J. Geophys. Res. 73, 5485.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jokopii, J. R.: 1966, in The Solar Wind (ed. by R. J. Mackin, Jr. and M. Neugebauer), Pergamon Press, New York, p. 215.

  • Kennel, C. F. and Scarf, F. L.: 1968, J. Geophys. Res. 73, 6149.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lambert, D. L.: 1967, Nature 215, 43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lazarus, A. J. and Binsack, J. H.: 1968, in Space Res., vol. VIII (in press).

  • Lazarus, A. J., Bridge, H. S., and Davis, J.: 1966, J. Geophys. Res. 71, 3787.

    Google Scholar 

  • Longmire, C. L.: 1963, Elementary Plasma Physics, Interscience Publishers, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lüst, Rhea: 1967, in Solar Terrestrial Physics (ed. by J. W. King and W. S. Newman), Academic Press, London, p. 1.

  • Lyon, E. F.: 1966, in The Solar Wind (ed. by R. J. Mackin, Jr. and M. Neugebauer), Pergamon Press, New York, p. 295.

  • McCracken, K. G.: 1963, Trans. Am. Geophys. Union 44, 447.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCracken, K. G. and Ness, N. F.: 1966, J. Geophys. Res. 71, 3315.

    Google Scholar 

  • Michel, F. C.: 1967, J. Geophys. Res. 72, 1917.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mihalov, J. D., Sonett, C. P., and Colburn, D. S.: 1968, Astrophys. Letters 1, 219.

    Google Scholar 

  • Modisette, J. L.: 1967, J. Geophys. Res. 72, 1521.

    Google Scholar 

  • Montgomery, M. D., Bame, S. J., and Hundhausen, A. J.: 1968a, Trans. Am. Geophys. Union 49.

  • Montgomery, M. D., Bame, S. J., and Hundhausen, A. J.: 1968b, J. Geophys. Res. 73, 4999.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mustel, E. R.: 1963, in Space Res., vol. IV, p. 77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ness, N. F.: 1965, in Introduction to Space Science (ed. by W. N. Hess), Gordon and Breach, New York, p. 323.

  • Ness, N. F.: 1967, Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 6, 79.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ness, N. F. and Wilcox, J. M.: 1964, Phys. Rev. Lett. 13, 461.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ness, N. F. and WilcoxJ. M.: 1967, Solar Phys. 2, 351.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neugebauer, M. and Snyder, C. W.: 1966a, J. Geophys. Res. 71, 4469.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neugebauer, M. and Snyder, C. W.: 1966b, in The Solar Wind (ed. by R. J. Mackin, Jr. and M. Neugebauer), Pergamon Press, New York, p. 3.

  • Neugebauer, M. and Snyder, C. W.: 1967, J. Geophys. Res. 72, 1823.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nishida, Atsuhiro: 1964, Rept. Ionosphere Space Res. Japan 18, 295.

    Google Scholar 

  • Noble, L. M. and Scarf, F. L.: 1963, Astrophys. J. 138, 1169.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ogilvie, K. W., Burlaga, L. F., and Wilkerson, T. D.: 1968, J. Geophys. Res. 73, 6809.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pai, G. L., Bridge, H. S., Lyon, E. F., and Egidi, A.: 1967, Trans. Am. Geophys. Union 48, 176.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parker, E. N.: 1958, Astrophys. J. 128, 664.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parker, E. N.: 1962, Planetary Space Sci. 9, 461.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parker, E. N.: 1963, Interplanetary Dynamical Processes, Interscience Publ., New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parker, E. N.: 1965, Space Sci. Rev. 4, 666.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parker, E. N.: 1967, in Solar Terrestrial Physics (ed. by J. W. King and W. S. Newman), Academic Press, London, p. 45.

  • Patterson, T. N. L., Johnson, F. S., and Hanson, W. B.: 1963, Planetary Space Sci. 11, 767.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pneumann, G. W.: 1966, Astrophys. J. 145, 800.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scarf, F. L.: 1964, in Space Physics (ed. by LeGalley and Rosen), John Wiley and Sons, New York, p. 82.

  • Scarf, F. L.: 1966a, in The Solar Wind (ed. by R. J. Mackin, Jr. and M. Neugebauer), Pergamon Press, New York, p. 199.

  • Scarf, F. L.: 1966b, Raumfahrt forschung 3, 114.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scarf, F. L. and Fredricks, R. W.: 1968, J. Geophys. Res. 73, 1747.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scarf, F. L. and Noble, L. M.: 1965, Astrophys. J. 141, 1479.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scarf, F. L., Wolfe, J. H., and Silva, R. W.: 1967, J. Geophys. Res. 72, 493.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schardt, A. W. and Opp, A. G.: 1967, Rev. Geophys. 5, 411.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scherb, F.: 1964, in Space Res., vol. IV, p. 797.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schubert, G. and Coleman, P. J., Jr.: 1968, Astrophys. J. 153, 943.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schubert, G. and Cummings, W. D.: 1967, J. Geophys. Res. 72, 5275.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sears, R. L.: 1964, Astrophys. J. 140, 477.

    Google Scholar 

  • Serbu, G. P.: 1968, Trans. Am. Geophys. Union 49, 234.

    Google Scholar 

  • Serbu, G. P. and Maier, E. J. R.: 1966, J. Geophys. Res. 71, 3755.

    Google Scholar 

  • Silva, R. W., Wolfe, J. H., and McKibben, D. D.: 1967, Trans. Am. Geophys. Union 48, 170.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simon, M. and Axford, W. I.: 1966, Planetary Space Sci. 14, 901.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singer, S.: 1965, Proc. IEEE 53, 1935.

    Google Scholar 

  • Snyder, C. W. and Neugebauer, M.: 1963, in Proc. of the Int. Conf. on Cosmic Rays (Jaipur), p. 210.

  • Snyder, C. W. and Neugebauer, M.: 1964, in Space Res., Vol. IV, p. 89.

    Google Scholar 

  • Snyder, C. W. and Neugebauer, M.: 1966, in The Solar Wind (ed. by R. J. Mackin, Jr. and M. Neugebauer), Pergamon Press, New York, p. 25.

  • Snyder, C. W., Neugebauer, M., and Rao, U. R.: 1963, J. Geophys. Res. 68, 6361.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sonett, C. P. and Colburn, D. S.: 1965, Planetary Space Sci. 13, 675.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sonett, C. P., Colburn, D. S., Davis, L., Jr., Smith, E. J., and Coleman, P. J., Jr.: 1964, Phys. Rev. Letters 13, 153.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sonett, C. P., Colburn, D. S., and Briggs, B. R.: 1966, in The Solar Wind (ed. by R. J. Mackin, Jr. and M. Neugebauer), Pergamon Press, New York, p. 165.

  • Spitzer, L., Jr.: 1962, The Physics of Fully Ionized Gases, Interscience Publ., New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strong, I. B., Asbridge, J. R., Bame, S. J., Felthauser, H. E., and Olson, R. A.: 1964, Trans. Am. Geophys. Union 45, 624.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strong, I. B., Asbridge, J. R., Bame, S. J., Heckman, H. H., and Hundhausen, A. J.: 1966, Phys. Rev. Letters 16, 631.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strong, I. B., Asbridge, J. R., Bame, S. J., and Hundhausen, A. J.: 1967, in Zodiacal Light and Interplanetary Medium, NASA SP-150 (ed. by J. Weinberg), p. 365.

  • Sturrock, P. A. and Hartle, R. E.: 1966, Phys. Rev. Lett. 16, 628.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sturrock, P. A. and Spreiter, J. R.: 1965, J. Geophys. Res. 70, 5345.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tucker, W. H. and Gould, R. J.: 1966, Astrophys. J. 144, 244.

    Google Scholar 

  • Unti, T. W. J. and Neugebauer, M.: 1968, Phys. Fluids 11, 513.

    Google Scholar 

  • VanAllen, J. A. and Ness, N. F.: 1967, J. Geophys. Res. 72, 935.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weber, E. J. and Davis, L., Jr.: 1967a, Astrophys. J. 148, 217.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weber, E. J. and Davis, L., Jr.: 1967b, Trans. Am. Geophys. Union 48, 171.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whang, Y. C. and Chang, C. C.: 1965, J. Geophys. Res. 70, 4175.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whang, Y. C., Liu, C. K., and Chang, C. C.: 1966, Astrophys. J. 145, 255.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilcox, J. M.: 1967, in Highlights of Astronomy (ed. by L. Perek), D. Reidel, Dordrecht, p. 124.

  • Wilcox, J. M.: 1968, Space Sci. Rev. 8, 258.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilcox, J. M. and Ness, N. F.: 1965, J. Geophys. Res. 70, 5793.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolfe, J. H. and Mc Kibbin, D. D.: 1968, Planetary Space Sci. (in press).

  • Wolfe, J. H., Silva, R. W., and Meyers, M. A.: 1966a, J. Geophys. Res. 71, 1319.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolfe, J. H., Silva, R. W., McKibbin, D. D., and Mason, R. H.: 1966b, J. Geophys. Res. 71, 3329.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolfe, J. H., Silva, R. W., and Meyers, M. A.: 1966c, in Space Res., vol. VI, p. 680.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolfe, J. H., Silva, R. W., and McKibben, D. D.: 1967, Trans. Am. Geophys. Union 48, 182.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, University of California, Los Alamos, N.M., U.S.A

    A. J. Hundhausen

Authors
  1. A. J. Hundhausen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Hundhausen, A.J. Direct observations of solar-wind particles. Space Sci Rev 8, 690–749 (1968). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00175116

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00175116

Keywords

Search

Navigation