Abstract
Knowledge of geomagnetism and its effects was recently much augmented during the IGY; when added to what is known of stellar fields, interplanetary fields, and meteoric magnetism, and combined with magnetic theory, this knowledge not only suggests that much may be learned of our neighbors in space by making an early determination of their magnetic fields, but also provides a foundation for many inferences and rough estimates on the magnetic fields of other solar-system bodies. Present estimates range from 660 cgs for Jupiter to 0.004 for the smaller satellites and the planetoids.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Akasofu, S. and Cain, J. C.: 1962, J. Geophys. Res., 67, 4078.
Alfvén, H.: 1950, Cosmical Electrodynamics, Clarendon Press, Oxford.
Allan, D. W.: 1958, Nature 182, 469.
Allan, D. W., and Bullard, E. C.: 1958, Revs. Modern Phys. 30, 1087.
Alldredge, L. R., and VanVoorhis, G. D.: 1961, J. Geophys. Res. 66, 3793.
As, J. A., and Zijderveld, J. D. A.: 1958, Roy. Astron. Soc., Geophys. J. 1, 308.
Axford, W. L: 1962, J. Geophys. Res. 67, 3791.
Babcock, H. D., 1959, Astrophys. J. 130, 364.
Babcock, H. W., and Babcock, H. D., in B. Lehnert (ed.): 1958, Electromagnetic Phenomena in Cosmical Physics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Beer, A. (ed.): 1955, Vistas in Astronomy 1, Pergamon Press, London.
Berkner, L. V., and Odishaw, H. (eds.): 1961, Science in Space, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York.
Biermann, L.: 1951, Z. Astrophys. 29, 274.
Bol'šakov, A. S.: 1957, Akad. Nauk SSSR, Izvest., Ser. Geofiz. 5, 53.
Brynjólfsson, A.: 1957, Advances in Physics 6, 247.
Bullard, E. C.: 1949, Proc. Roy. Soc., London 197A, 433.
Bullard, E. C.: 1955, Proc. Cambridge Phil. Soc. 51, 744.
Bullard, E. C.: 1956, Endeavor 15, 189.
Bullard, E. C., Freedman, C., Gellman, H., and Nixon, J.: 1950, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc., London 243A, 67.
Bullard, E. C. and Gellman, H.: 1954, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc., London 247A, 213.
Cahill, L. J., Jr.: 1962–1963, Space Sci. Rev. 1, 399.
Cahill, L. J., Jr., and Patel, V. L.: 1962, Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union 43, 459 (abstract).
Cain, J. C., Shapiro, I. R., Stolarik, J. D., and Heppner, J. P.: 1962, J. Geophys. Res. 67, 5055.
Carr, T. D., Smith, A. G., Bollhagen, H., Six, N. F. Jr., and Chatterton, N. E.: 1961, Astrophys. J. 134, 105.
Carr, T. D., Smith, A. G., Pepple, R., and Barrow, C. H.: 1958, Astrophys. J. 127, 274.
Chamberlain, J. W.: 1961, Astrophys. J. 133, 675.
Chandrasekhar, S.: 1961, Hydrodynamic and Hydromagnetic Stability, Clarendon Press, Oxford.
Chapman, S.: 1957, Smithsonian Contributions to Astrophysics 2, 1.
Chapman, S. and Bartels, J.: 1940, Geomagnetism, Oxford University Press, London.
Chapman, S. and Ferraro, V. C. A., Terrest. Mag. and Atmos. Elec. 36, 77, 171, 1931; 37, 147, 421, 1932; 38, 79, 1933; 45, 245, 1950.
Cocconi, G., Greisen, K., Morrison, P., Gold, T., and Hayakawa, S.: 1958, Il Nuovo Cimento, Suppl. 2, 8, 161.
Coleman, P. J., Jr., Davis, Leverett, Jr., Smith, E. J., and Sonett, C. P.: 1962, Science 138, 1099.
Coster, H. P.: 1948, Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc., Geophys. Suppl. 5, 193.
Cowling, T. G.: 1934, Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 94, 39.
Cowling, T. G.: 1957, Magnetohydrodynamics, Interscience Publishers, New York.
Cox, A. V.: 1961, U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1083-E, 131.
Cox, A. V. and Doell, R. R.: 1960, Bull. Geol Soc. Amer. 71, 645.
Davis, T. N.: 1962, J. Geophys. Res. 67, 59. 75.
Dessler, A. J.: 1962, J. Geophys. Res. 67, 4892.
Dessler, A. J., Hanson, W. B., and Parker, E. N.: 1961, J. Geophys. Res. 66, 3631.
Doell, R. R.: 1956, Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union 37, 156.
Doell, R. R. and Cox, A.: 1961, Nature 192, 645.
Dolginov, S. S., Yeroshenko, Y. G., Zhuzgov, L. N., and Pushkov, N. V.: 1961, Geomagnetism and Aeronomy 1, 18.
Elsässer, W. M.: 1939, Phys. Rev. 55, 489.
Elsässer, W. M.: 1947, Phys. Rev. 72, 821.
Elsässer, W. M.: 1955, Amer. J. Phys. 23, 590.
Elsässer, W. M.: 1956a, Amer. J. Phys. 24, 85.
Elsässer, W. M.: 1956b, Revs. Modern Phys. 28, 135.
Elsässer, W. M. and Takeuchi, H.: 1955, Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union, 36, 584.
Ferraro, V. C. A.: 1937, Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 97, 458.
Field, G. B.: 1959, J. Geophys. Res. 64, 1169.
Field, G. B.: 1960, J. Geophys. Res. 65, 1661.
Finch, H. F. and Leaton, B. R.: 1957, Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc., Geophys. Suppl. 7, 314.
Fisher, R. A.: 1953, Proc. Roy. Soc., London 217A, 295.
Fleming, J. A. (ed.): 1939, Terestrial Magnetism and Electricity, McGraw-Hill Company, New York.
Forbush, S. E.: 1954, J. Geophys. Res. 52, 525.
Freeman, J. W., VanAllen, J. A., and Cahill, L. J., Jr.: 1962, Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union 43, 459 (abstract).
Frenkel, Y. I.: 1945, Akad. Nauk SSSR, Dokl. 19.
Gauss, C. F.: 1839, Allgemeine Theorie des Erdmagnetismus. Resultate aus den Beobachtungen des magnetischen Vereins im Jahre 1838, Leipzig.
Gilbert, W.: 1600, De Magnete, Magneticisque Corporibus, et de Magno Magnete Tellure Physiologia Nova, London.
Gold, T.: 1955, Nature 175, 526.
Gold, T.: 1962, Space Sci. Rev. 1, 100.
Goldstein, Rand and Carpenter, R. L.: 1962, Paper presented at Second Western National Meeting of the American Geophysical Union, Stanford University, California, December 27–29.
Graham, J. W.: 1956, J. Geophys. Res. 61, 735.
Graham, J. W., Buddington, A. F., and Balsley, J. R.: 1957, J. Geophys. Res. 62, 465.
Graham, K. W. T.: 1961, Roy. Astron. Soc., Geophys. J. 6, 85.
Haigh, G.: 1958, Phil. Mag. 3, 267.
Hale, G. E.: 1913, Astrophys. J. 38, 27.
Hall, J. M. and Neale, R. N.: 1960, Nature 188, 805.
Hide, R. and Roberts, P. H.: 1961, Physics and Chemistry of the Earth 4, 25, Pergamon Press, London.
Hospers, J.: 1951, Nature 168, 1111.
Houtgast, J.: 1955, Nature 175, 678.
Houtgast, J. and VanSluiters, A.: 1962, Nature 196, 462.
Inglis, D. R.: 1955, Revs. Modern Phys. 27, 212.
Inglis, D. R. and Teller, E.: 1940, Phys. Rev. 57, 1154.
Irving, E.: 1956, Geofisica Pura e Appl. 33, 23.
Irving, E.: 1958, Roy Astron. Soc., Geophys. J. 1, 224.
Irving, E.: 1959, Roy. Astron. Soc., Geophys. J. 2, 51.
Johnson, E. A. and McNish, A. G.: 1938, Terrest. Mag. and Atmos. Elec. 43, 393.
Johnson, F. S. (ed.): 1961, Satellite Environment Handbook, Stanford University Press, Stanford.
Kalinen, Y. D.: 1949, Meteorol. i Gidrol. No. 3.
Kalinen, D.: 1953, Tr. n. i Inst. Zemnogo Magnetizma 9, 25.
Kawai, N. and Kume, S.: 1954, J. Geomag. and Geoelectr. 6, 208.
Kellogg, P. J.: 1962, J. Geophys. Res. 67, 3805.
Kern, J. W.: 1961a, J. Geophys. Res. 66, 3801.
Kern, J. W.: 1961b, J. Geophys. Res. 66, 3807.
Kern, J. W.: 1961c, J. Geophys. Res. 66, 3817.
Kern, J. W.: 1962, J. Geophys. Res. 67, 3737.
Kobayashi, K.: 1959, J. Geomag. and Geoelectr. 10, 99.
Kuiper, H.: 1943, Poolbewegingen tengevolge van Poolvluchtkracht, Amsterdam.
Lahiri, B. N. and Price, A. T.: 1939, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc., London 237A, 509.
Larmor, J.: 1919, Elec. Rev. 85, 412.
Mansurov, S. M.: 1960, trans. from Geomagnitnye Vozmuščenija (Geomagnetic Disturbance), Academy of Sciences Press, Moscow, 48.
Martyn, D. F.: 1951, Nature 167, 92.
MacDonald, G. J. F.: 1961, Science 133, 1045.
MacDonald, G. J. F., and Ness, N. F.: 1961, J. Geophys. Res. 66, 1865.
McIlwain, C. E.: 1961, J. Geophys. Res. 66, 3681.
McNish, A. G.: 1940, Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union 21, 287.
Munk, W. and MacDonald, G. J. F.: 1960, The Rotation of the Earth, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Munk, W. and Revelle, R.: 1952, Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc., Geophys. Suppl. 6, 331.
Nagata, T.: 1953, Rock Magnetism, Maruzen Company, Tokyo.
Nagata, T., Akimoto, S. and Uyeda, S.: 1951, Japan Acad. Proc. 27, 378.
Nagata, T. and Rikitake, T.: 1957, J. Geomagn. and Geoelec. 9, 42.
Néel, L.: 1951, Ann. Géophys. 7, 90.
Néel, L.: 1955, Advances in Physics 4, 191.
Neugebauer, M. and Snyder, C. W.: 1962, Science 138, 1095.
Northrup, T. G. and Teller, E.: 1960, Phys. Rev. 117, 215.
Obayashi, T.: 1962, J. Geophys. Res. 67, 1717.
O'Brien, B. J., Laughlin, C. D., VanAllen, J. A., and Frank, L. A.: 1962, J. Geophys. Res. 67, 1209.
Parker, E. N.: 1954, Univ. Utah Report, Earth's Magnetism and Magnetohydrodynamics, No. 5.
Parker, E. N.: 1955, Astrophys. J. 121, 491.
Parker, E. N.: 1958a, Astrophys. J. 128, 664.
Parker, E. N.: 1958b, Phys. Fluids 1, 171.
Parker, E. N.: 1962, Space Sci. Rev. 1, 62 (and references there cited).
Parkinson, W. D. and Cleary, J.,: 1958, Geophys. J. 1, 346.
Piddington, J. H.: 1958, Phys. Rev. 112, 599.
Piddington, J. H.: 1962, J. Planet. Space Sci. 9, 305.
Price, A. T.: 1962, J. Geophys. Res. 67, 4309.
Radhakrishnan, V. and Roberts, J. A.: 1960, Phys. Rev. Letters 4, 493.
Ray, E. C., Vestine, E. H., Wombolt, L., and Sibley, W. L.: 1962, The RAND Corporation, RM-3347-NASA.
Rikitake, T.: 1957, J. Geophys. Res. 62, 493.
Rikitake, T.: 1958, Proc. Cambridge Phil. Soc. 54, 89.
Roberts, P. H. and Lowes, F. J.: 1961, J. Geophys. Res. 66, 1243.
Rochester, M. G.: 1962, J. Geophys. Res. 67, 4833.
Runcorn, S. K. 1955a, Advances in Physics 4, 244.
Runcorn, S. K. 1955b, Sci. Progress 43, 13.
Runcorn, S. K. 1957, Verhand. v. h. Kon. Nederlandsch Geolog.-Mijnb. Genootschap. Geol. Ser. 18 271 (Vening Meinesz Mem. Vol.).
Simpson, J. A.: 1957, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 43, 42.
Singer, S. F.: 1960, Univ. Maryland Science Report No. 4.
Spreiter, J. R. and Alksne, A. Y.: 1962, J. Geophys. Res. 67, 2193.
Stacey, F. D.: 1962, Phil. Mag. 7, 551.
Stacey, F. D., Lovering, J. F., and Parry, L. G.: 1961, J. Geophys. Res. 66, 1523.
Stott, P. M. and Stacey, F. D.: 1959, Nature 183, 384.
Thellier, E. and Thellier, O.: 1959, Ann. Géophys. 15, 285.
Urey, H. C.: 1956, Sky and Telescope 15, 108.
Uyeda, S.: 1958, Japanese J. Geophys. 2, 1.
Vacquier, V.: 1959, Nature 183, 452.
VanAllen, J. A., Ludwig, G. H., Ray, E. C., and McIlwain, C. E.: 1958, Jet Propulsion Laboratory Technical Report 28, 588.
Vening Meinesz, F. A.: 1948, Gravity Expeditions at Sea, Delft.
Vestine, E. H.: 1952, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 38, 1030.
Vestine, E. H.: 1954, Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union 35, 63.
Vestine, E. H.: 1961, Instruction Manual on World Magnetic Survey, Monograph No. 11, L'Institute Géographique National, Paris.
Vestine, E. H., Laporte, L., Lange, I., and Scott, W. E.: 1947, The Geomagnetic Field, Its Description and Analysis, Carnegic Institute of Washington, Publication 580, Washington, D. C.
Vestine, E. H. and Sibley, W. L.: 1960, J. Geophys. Res. 65, 1962.
Vestine, E. H., Sibley, W. L., Kern, J. W., and Carlstedt, J. L.: 1962, Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union 43, 434 (abstract).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kern, J.W., Vestine, E.H. Magnetic field of the earth and planets. Space Sci Rev 2, 136–171 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00174030
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00174030