Abstract
The equations for the Earth-ionosphere cavity resonance fields are given and some of the approximations used in their derivation are indicated. Typical electric and magnetic 5 to 20 Hz Schumann resonance field intensities are listed and compared with the level of other natural and man-made electromagnetic noise. Applications of Schumann resonances to thunderstorm location and measurement of global lightning activity are reviewed briefly. Ionospheric conductivity profiles appropriate for this frequency range are discussed and the importance of atmospheric conductivity below 60 km is pointed out.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abbas, M.: 1968, Planet. Space Sci. 16, 831.
Balser, M. and Wagner, C. A.: 1962, J. Geophys. Res. 67–2, 619.
Behroozi-Toosi, A. B. and Booker, H. G.: 1980, J. Atm. Terr. Phys. 42, 943.
Bliokh, P. V., Nicoalenko, A. P., and Filippov, Y.: 1977, Global Resonances in the Earth-Ionosphere Cavity (in Russian), Naukova Dumka, Kiev.
Booker, H. G.: 1980, J. Atm. Terr. Phys. 42, 929.
Booker, H. G. and Lefeuvre, F.: 1977, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. 389, 1277.
Campbell, W. H.: 1967, in S. Matsushita and W. H. Campbell (eds.), Physics of Geomagnetic Phenomena, Academic Press, New York.
Clayton, M. and Polk, G.: 1977, in H. Dolezalek and R. Reiter (eds.), Electrical Processes in Atmospheres, Steinkopff, Darmstadt, p. 440.
Clayton, M. D., Polk, C., Etzold, H., and Cooper, W. W.: 1973, IEEE Trans. Ant. Prop. AP-21–4, 514.
Galejs, J.: 1972, Terrestrial Propagation of Long Electromagnetic Waves, Pergamon Press, Oxford, New York.
Gendrin, R. and Stefant, R.: 1964, in W. T. Blackband (ed.), Propagation of Radio Waves at Frequencies Below 300 Kc/s, Pergamon Press, Oxford, New York, p. 371.
Greifinger, C. and Greifinger, P.: 1978, Radio Science 13, 831.
Greifinger, C. and Greifinger, P.: 1979, Radio Science 14(5), 889.
Jones, D. L.: 1967, J. Atm. Terr. Physics 29, 1037.
Jones, D. L. and Chapman, F. W.: 1964, in W. T. Blackband (ed.), Propagation of Radio Waves at Frequencies Below 300 Kc/s, Pergamon Press, Oxford, New York, p. 413.
König, H.: 1959, Z. Angew. Physik XI-7.
Large, D. B. and Wait, J. R.: 1968, J. Geophys. Res. 73(13), 4335.
Mechtly, E. A., Bowhill, S. A., and Smith, L. G.: 1972, J. Atm. Terr. Phys. 34, 1899.
Ogawa, T., Tanaka, Y., Miura, T., and Yasuhara, M.: 1966, J. Geomag. Geoelectricity 18–4, 443.
Ogawa, T. and Murakami, Y.: 1973, Contribs. of the Geophysical Inst., Kyoto Univ., No. 13, p. 13.
Paltridge, G. W.: 1965, J. Geophys. Res. 70, 2751.
Polk, C.: 1969, in S. C. Coroniti and J. Hughes (eds.), Planetary Electrodynamics, Vol. 2, Gordon and Breach, New York, London, Paris, p. 55.
Polk, C. and Fitchen, F.: 1962, J. Res. N.B.S. 66-D-3, 313.
Rycroft, M. J.: 1965, Radio Science, J. Res. N.B.S. 69D-8, 1071.
Sao, K.: 1967, Proc. Res. Inst. Atmospherics, Nagoya Univ. 14, 61.
Schumann, W. O.: 1952a, Z. Naturforschg. 7a, 149.
Schumann, W. O.: 1952b, Z. Naturforschg. 7a, 250.
Tran, A.: 1978, Radio Science 13–1, 139.
Tran, A.: 1980, J. Atm. Terr. Phys. 42.
Tran, A. and Polk, C.: 1976, Radio Science 11, 803.
Tran, A. and Polk, C.: 1979, J. Atm. Terr. Phys. 41, 1249.
Wait, J. R.: 1970, Electromagnetic Waves in Stratified Media, Pergamon Press, Oxford, New York, Chapter X.
Whitten, R. C. and Poppoff, I. G.: 1965, Physics of the Lower Ionosphere, Prentice-Hall, New York.
Widdel, H. U., Rose, G., and Borchers, R.: 1976, J. Geophys. Res. 81, 6217.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Polk, C. Natural and man-made noise in the Earth-ionosphere cavity at extremely low frequencies (Schumann resonances and man-made ‘interference’). Space Sci Rev 35, 83–89 (1983). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00173695
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00173695