Abstract
The interaction of cosmic rays with interstellar clouds may produce some of the observed gamma-ray sources. The use of molecular observations to estimate the cloud masses, which are used to derive cosmic-ray fluxes, is reviewed. Molecular diagnostics of high cosmic-ray ionization rates are discussed, and a detailed application of those diagnostics is summarised and presented as evidence that second-order Fermi acceleration is important in old supernova remnants and can produce cosmic rays of too low energy to induce gamma-ray emission.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aannestad, P. and Purcell, E. M.: 1973, Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 11, 309.
Becklin, E. E. and Neugebauer, G.: 1979, Astrophys. J. Letters 157, L31.
Black, J. H. and Fazio, G. G.: 1973, Astrophys. J. 185, L7.
Blitz, L.: 1980, in P. M. Solomon and M. G. Edmunds (eds.), Giant Molecular Clouds in the Galaxy, Pergamon Press, Oxford.
Blitz, L. and Shu, F. H.: 1980, Astrophys. J. 238, 148.
Churchill, E.: 1980, Astrophys. J. 240, 811.
Cruddace, R. G., Fritz, G., Shulman, S., Friedman, H., McKee, J., and Johnson, M.: 1978, Astrophys. J. Letters 222, L95.
Dalgarno, A. and Black, J. H.: 1977, Rept. Prog. Phys. 39, 573.
Dickinson, D. F., Rodriguez Kuiper, E. N., St. Clair Dinger, A., and Kuiper, T. B. H.: 1980, Astrophys. J. Letters 237, L213.
Dickman, R. L.: 1978, Astrophys. J. Suppl. 37, 407.
Elmegreen, B. G.: 1979, Astrophys. J. 232, 729.
Field, G. B.: 1975, in R. Balion, P. Encrenaz, and J. Lequeux (eds.), Atomic and Molecular Physics and the Interstellar Matter: Les Houches Session XXVI, American Elsevier, New York.
Guélin, M., Langer, W. D., Snell, R. L., and Wooten, H. A.: 1977, Astrophys. J. Letters 217, L165.
Hartquist, T. W.: 1980, Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 191, 49.
Hartquist, T. W. and Morfill, G. E.: 1983, Astrophys. J. 266, 271.
Hartquist, T. W., Black, J. H., and Dalgarno, A.: 1978a, Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 185, 643.
Hartquist, T. W., Doyle, H. T., and Dalgarno, A.: 1978b, Astron. Astrophys. 68, 65.
Hasselmann, K. and Wibberenz, G.: 1968, Z. Geophys. 34, 353.
Iglesias, E. R. and Silk, J. K.: 1978, Astrophys. J. 226, 851.
Issa, M. R. and Wolfendale, A. W.: 1981, Nature 292, 430.
Jokipii, J. R.: 1972, Rev. Geophys. Space Phys. 9, 27.
Jokipii, J. R.: 1983, Space Sci. Rev. 36, 27 (this volume).
Krolik, J. H. and Kallman, T. R.: 1982a, in R. S. Roger and P. E. Dewdney (eds.), Regions of Recent Star Formation, D. Reidel Publ. Co., Dordrecht, Holland, p. 000.
Krolik, J. H. and Kallman, T. R.: 1982b, Astrophy. J., in press.
Li, T., Riley, P. A., and Wolfendale, A. W.: 1982, J. Phys. G8, 1141.
Morfill, G. E. and Scholer, M.: 1979, Astrophys. J. 232, 473.
Morfill, G. E., Völk, H. J., Drury, L., Forman, M., Bignami, G., and Caraveo, P. A.: 1981, Astrophys. J. 246, 810.
Mouschovias, T. Ch.: 1974, Astrophys. J. 192, 37.
Oppenheimer, M. and Dalgarno, A.: 1974, Astrophys. J. 187, 231.
Sancisi, R.: 1974, in F. J. Kerr and S. C. Simonson (eds.), ‘Galactic Radio Astronomy’, IAU Symp. 60, 115.
Snow, T. P.: 1976, Astrophys. J. 204, 759.
Solomon, P. M. and Saunders, D. B.: 1980, in P. M. Solomon and G. M. Edmunds (eds.), Giant Molecular Clouds in the Galaxy, Pergamon Press, Oxford.
Solomon, P. M., Scoville, N. Z., and Saunders, D. B.: 1979, Astrophys. J. Letters 232, L89.
Spinrad, H., Liebert, J., Smith, H. E., Schweizer, F., and Kuhi, L. V.: 1971, Astrophys. J. 165, 17.
Spitzer, L. and Schwarzschild, M.: 1953, Astrophys. J. 118, 106.
Spitzer, L. and Tomasko, M. G.: 1968, Astrophys. J. 152, 971.
Stark, A. A. and Blitz, L.: 1978, Astrophys. J. Letters 225, L15.
Stecker, F. W.: 1969, Nature 222, 865.
Stenholm, L. G., Hartquist, T. W., and Morfill, G. E.: 1981, Astrophys. J. 249, 152.
Watson, W. D.: 1978, Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 16, 585.
Whittet, D. C. B.: 1981, Quart. J. Roy. Astron. Soc. 22, 3.
Wooten, A., Bozyan, E. P., Garrett, D. B., Loren, R. B., and Snell, R. L.: 1980, Astrophys. J. 239, 844.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
Proceedings of the XVIII General Assembly of the IAU: Galactic Astrophysics and Gamma-Ray Astronomy, held at Patras, Greece, 19 August 1982.
Royal Society Jaffé Donation Fellow.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hartquist, T.W. The relevance of molecular observations to gamma-ray astronomy. Space Sci Rev 36, 41–49 (1983). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00171899
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00171899