Abstract
We present X-ray observations of the 21 July, 1980 flare which was observed both with the Einstein Observatory Imaging Proportional Counter (IPC) and the X-Ray Polychromator (XRP) and Gamma-Ray Spectrometer onboard the SMM satellite. The Einstein observations were obtained in scattered X-ray light, i.e., in X-rays scattered off the Earth's atmosphere. In this way it is possible to obtain spatially unresolved X-ray data of a solar flare with the same instrument that observed many X-ray flares on other stars. This paper juxtaposes the results and implications of the ‘stellar interpretation’ to those obtained from the far more detailed SMM observations. The result of this ‘calibration’ observation is that the basic properties of the flaring plasma can be reliably determined from the ‘stellar’ data, however, the basic physics issues can only be studied through models.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Acton, L. W., Culhane, J. L., Gabriel, A. H., and 21 co-authors: 1980, Solar Phys. 65, 53.
Antonucci, E., Gabriel, A. H., and 7 co-authors: 1982, Solar Phys. 78, 107.
Collura, A., Pasquini, L., and Schmitt, J. H. M. M: 1988, Astron. Astrophys. 205, 197.
Connors, A.: 1988, Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. of Maryland, NASA report 88-014.
Fink, H. H., Schmitt, J. H. M. M., and Harnden, F. R., Jr.: 1988, Astron. Astrophys. 193, 345.
Forrest, O. J., Chupp, E. L., Ryan, J. M., and 10 co-authors: 1980, Solar Phys. 65, 15.
Gabriel, A. H.: 1972, Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 160, 99.
Haisch, B. M.: 1983, in P. B. Byrne and M. Rodonó (eds.), Activity in Red Dwarf Stars, Astrophysics and Space Science Library, Vol. 102, 255.
Lemen, J. R., Philipps, K. J. H., Cowan, R. D., and Grant, I. P.: 1984, Astron. Astrophys. 135, 313.
Manson, J. E.: 1976, in O. R. White (ed.), The Solar Output and Its Variation, Colorado Associated University Press, Boulder.
Pallavicini, R., Monsignori-Fossi, B. C., Landini, M., and Schmitt, J. H. M. M.: 1987, Astron. Astrophys. 191, 109.
Pallavicini, R.: 1987, in E.-H. Schröter and M. Schüssler (eds.), ‘Solar and Stellar Flares’, Lecture Notes in Physics 292, 98.
Pallavicini, R. and Schmitt, J. H. M. M.: 1988, in W. Hermsen (ed.), Contribution to COSPAR Advances and Perspectives of X-ray and y-ray Astronomy, Helsinki.
Pallavicini, R. et al.: 1989, Astron. Astrophys. (submitted).
Pye, J. P. and McHardy, I. M.: 1983, Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 205, 875.
Schmitt, J. H. M. M., Harnden, F. R., Jr., and Fink, H. H.: 1987, Astrophys. J. 322, 1034.
Strong, K. H. et al.: 1986, in Energetic Phenomena on the Sun, SMM Flare Workshop, Nasa Conference Publication 2439.
Wiehl, H. J., Batchelor, D. A., Crannell, C. J., Dennis, B. R., Price, P. N., and Magun, A.: 1985, Solar Phys. 96, 339.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Schmitt, J.H.M.M., Lemen, J.R. & Zarro, D. A solar flare observed with the SMM and Einstein satellites. Sol Phys 121, 361–373 (1989). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00161706
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00161706