Abstract
Impulsive increases in the low energy proton flux observed by the Explorer 34 satellite, in very close time association with geomagnetic storm sudden commencements are described. It is shown that these events are of short duration (20–30 min) and occur only during the decay phase of a solar cosmic-ray flare event. The differential energy spectrum and the angular distribution of the direction of arrival of the particles are discussed. Two similar increases observed far away from the earth by the Pioneer 7 and 8 deep-space probes are also presented. These impulsive increases are compared with Energetic Storm Particle events and their similarities and differences are discussed. A model is suggested to explain these increases, based on the sweeping and trapping of low energy cosmic rays of solar origin by the advancing shock front responsible for the sudden commencement detected on the Earth.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Allum, F. R., Palmeira, R. A. R., Rao, U. R., McCracken, K. G., Harries, J. R., and Palmer, I.: 1971, Solar Phys. 17, 241.
Armstrong, T. P., Krimigis, S. M., and Behannon, K. W.: 1970, J. Geophys. Res. 75, 5980.
Axford, W. I. and Reid, G. C.: 1963, J. Geophys. Res. 68, 1793.
Bartley, W. C., McCracken, K. G., and Rao, U. R.: 1967, Rev. Sci. Instr. 38, 266.
Bartley, W. C., McCracken, K. G., Rao, U. R., Harries, J. R., Palmeira, R. A. R., and Allum, F. R.: 1971, Solar Phys. 17, 218.
Bukata, R. P., Keath, E. P., Younse, J. M., Bartley, W. C., McCracken, K. G., and Rao, U. R.: 1970, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. NS-17, 18.
Bryant, D. A., Cline, T. L., Desai, U. D., and McDonald, F. B.: 1962, J. Geophys. Res. 67, 4983.
Fisk, L. A.: 1971, J. Geophys. Res. 76, 1662.
Lanzerotti, L. J.: 1969, J. Geophys. Res. 74, 285.
McCracken, K. G., Rao, U. R., and Bukata, R. P.: 1967, J. Geophys. Res. 72, 4293.
McCracken, K. G. and Rao, U. R.: 1970, Space Sci. Rev. 11, 155.
Ogilvie, K. W., Burlaga, L. F., and Wilkerson, T. D.: 1968, J. Geophys. Res. 73, 6809.
Ogilvie, K. W. and Burlaga, L. F.: 1969, Solar Phys. 8, 422. (Erratum, Solar Phys. 11, 180).
Ogilvie, K. W. and Arens, J. F.: 1971, J. Geophys. Res. 76, 13.
Palmeira, R. A. R., Allum, F. R., McCracken, K. G., and Rao, U. R.: 1968, Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 13, 1399.
Palmeira, R. A. R., Rao, U. R., and Allum, F. R.: 1969, Presented at Eleventh International Conference on Cosmic Rays, Budapest, Hungary.
Palmeira, R. A. R., Allum, F. R., McCracken, K. G., and Rao, U. R.: 1971, Proc. of the Seminar on the Problem of Cosmic Ray Generation on the Sun, Leningrad, 1970 (to be published).
Rao, U. R., McCracken, K. G., and Bukata, R. P.: 1967, J. Geophys. Res. 72, 4325.
Rao, U. R., Allum, F. R., Bartley, W. C., Palmeira, R. A. R., Harries, J. R., and McCracken, K. G.: 1969, in C. de Jager and Z. Švestka (eds.), ‘Solar Flares and Space Research’, COSPAR Symp., 267.
Rao, U. R., McCracken, K. G., Allum, F. R., Palmeira, R. A. R., Bartley, W. C., and Palmer, I.: 1971, Solar Phys. 19, 209.
Singer, S.: 1970, Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union 51, 801.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
Part of this work was performed while the author was at the University of Texas at Dallas as a Visiting Professor.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Palmeira, R.A.R., Allum, F.R. & Rao, U.R. Low-energy proton increases associated with interplanetary shock waves. Sol Phys 21, 204–224 (1971). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00155791
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00155791