Abstract
The type-I radio continuum may arise from the combination of two electrostatic waves, both directed nearly normal to the magnetic field. One wave, near the upper-hybrid frequency, is generated by gyroresonance with superthermal electrons and comes into equilibrium with these electrons. The other wave, at the lower-hybrid frequency, is generated by the loss-cone instability of trapped superthermal protons in those wave directions for which the lower-hybrid frequency is an exact multiple of the proton gyrofrequency. The brightness temperature of the continuum indicates both the energy of the superthermal electrons and the existance of at least a small number of superthermal protons.
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Wentzel, D.G. A theory for the solar type-I radio continuum. Sol Phys 103, 141–151 (1986). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00154864
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00154864