Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Climate and paleoclimate: What we can learn about solar luminosity variations

  • Published:
Solar Physics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The Earth's climate is not constant, and has experienced major changes in the past on all timescales. The causes of these changes, although still incompletely understood, vary according to the timescale considered. Some of the most important causal mechanisms include continental drift, changes in the Earth's orbital parameters, volcanic activity and solar variations. Solar variations have been invoked to explain climatic change on almost all timescales from 1 to 109 yr. Unfortunately, even though the Sun is a prime candidate for explaining many changes in past climate, the use of past climate as a proxy for solar luminosity changes is fraught with difficulty. For example:

  1. (1)

    In many cases observed changes in climate can be adequately explained without recourse to solar variations as a causal factor. In fact, on the longest timescales the Earth's climate was remarkably similar to today in spite of a considerably lower solar output.

  2. (2)

    For most timescales of climatic change there are, as yet, no plausible theories giving similar timescale variations in solar activity, so that a vital link between cause and effect is missing.

  3. (3)

    There are considerable uncertainties in the record of past climates.

  4. (4)

    On short timescales many proposed solar activity-climate links have failed to stand up to rigorous statistical analysis.

This paper reviews past changes in climate and proposed causal mechanisms on timescales of from 1 to 109 yr. The evidence for solar activity-climate links is discussed with special reference to the above points.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Adhémar, J.: 1842, Révolutions de la Mer, Déluges Périodiques, Paris.

  • Aharon, P., Chappell, J., and Compston, W.: 1980, Nature 283, 649.

    Google Scholar 

  • Atkinson, T. C., Briffa, K. R., and Peck, R. M.: 1980, ‘Numerical Reconstruction of Late Pleistocene Climates in Britain by the “Mutual Range” Method’, paper presented at the International Geological Union Congress, Paris, July 1980.

  • Bada, J. L. and Miller, S. L.: 1968, Science 159, 423.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bahcall, J. N., Lubow, S. H., Huebner, W. F., Magee, N. H., Merts, A. L., Argo, M. F., Parker, P. D., Rozsnyai, B., and Ulrich, R. K.: 1980, Phys. Rev. Letters 45, 945.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnett, T. P.: 1978, in J. Gribbin (ed.), Climatic Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p. 157.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barron, E. J., Sloan, J. L., and Harrison, C. G. A.: 1980, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 30, 17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barry, R. G.: 1966, Geograph. Bull. 8, 319.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bates, J. R.: 1977, Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc. 103, 397.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berger, A.: 1976, Astron. Astrophys. 51, 127.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berger, A.: 1977, Nature 269, 44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berger, A.: 1979a, Geophys. Surveys 3, 351.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berger, A.: 1979b, Il Nuovo Cimento, Serie 1, 2(C), 63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berger, A.: 1980, in A. Beer, K. Pounds, and P. Beer (eds.), Vistas Astron. 24, 103.

  • Berggren, W. A. and Van Couvering, J. A.: 1974, The Late Neogene, Elsevier, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berry, W. B. N. and Boucot, A. J.: 1973, Geolog. Soc. Am. Bull. 84, 275.

    Google Scholar 

  • Birchfield, G. E. and Weertman, J.: 1978, J. Geophys. Res. 83, 4123.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blanc, P.-L., Rabussier, D., Vergnaud-Grazzini, C., and Duplessy, J.-C.: 1980, Nature 283, 553.

    Google Scholar 

  • Borzenkova, I. I., Vinnikov, K. Ya., Spirina, L. P., and Stekhnovskii, D. I.: 1976, Meteorologiya i Gidrologiya No. 7, 27.

  • Bray, J. R.: 1974a, Nature 248, 42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bray, J. R.: 1974b, Nature 252, 679.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bray, J. R.: 1977, Science 197, 251.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bray, J. R.: 1979, Nature 282, 603.

    Google Scholar 

  • Briden, J. C., Drewry, G. E., and Smith, A. G.: 1974, J. Geol. 82, 555.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brosche, P. and Sündermann, J. (eds.): 1978, Tidal Friction and the Earth's Rotation, Springer-Verlag, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bryson, R. A. and Goodman, B. M: 1980, Science 207, 1041.

    Google Scholar 

  • Budyko, M. I.: 1969, Tellus 21, 611.

    Google Scholar 

  • Callis, L. B. and Nealy, J. E.: 1978, Geophys. Res. Letters 5, 249.

    Google Scholar 

  • Callis, L. B., Natarajan, M., and Nealy, J. E.: 1979, Science 204, 1303.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cess, R. D.: 1976, J. Atmospheric Sci. 33, 1831.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cess, R. D.: 1978, J. Atmospheric Sci. 35, 1765.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chappell, J.: 1973, Quaternary Res. 3, 81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chappell, J.: 1975, Earth Planetary Sci. Letters 26, 370.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chappell, J. and Thom, B. G.: 1978, Nature 272, 809.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chervin, R. M.: 1978, in J. Gribbin (ed.), Climatic Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p. 191.

    Google Scholar 

  • CLIMAP Project Members: 1976, Science 191, 1131.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, M. R.: 1977, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 22, 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Croll, J.: 1867, Philosophical Magazine 33, 426.

    Google Scholar 

  • Croll, J.: 1875, Theory of Secular Changes of the Earth Climate, Climate and Time in their Geological Relations, Appleton and Company, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crooker, N. U., Feynman, J., and Gosling, J. T.: 1977, J. Geophys. Res. 82, 1933.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crowell, J. C.: 1978, Am. J. Sci. 278, 1345.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crowell, J. C. and Frakes, L. A.: 1970, Am. J. Sci. 268, 193.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cullen, C.: 1980, Nature 283, 427.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dearborn, D. S. P. and Blake, J. B.: 1980, Astrophys. J. 237, 616.

    Google Scholar 

  • Delmas, R. J., Ascencio, J.-M., and Legrand, M.: 1980, Nature 284, 155.

    Google Scholar 

  • Denton, G. H., Armstrong, R. L., and Stuiver, M.: 1971, in K. K. Turekian (ed.), The Late Cenozoic Glacial Ages, Yale University Press, New Haven, p. 267.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Vries, Hl.: 1958, Koninkl. Nederl. Akademie Van Wetenschappen, Amsterdam, Proc., Series B 61, 94.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dicke, R. H.: 1979, Nature 280, 24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dietz, R. S. and Holden, J. C.: 1970, J. Geophys. Res. 75, 4939.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dilke, F. W. W. and Gough, D. O.: 1972, Nature 240, 262, 293.

    Google Scholar 

  • Donn, W. L. and Ninkovich, C. D.: 1977, Transactions Am. Geophys. Union 58, 399.

    Google Scholar 

  • Donn, W. L. and Shaw, D. M.: 1977, Geolog. Soc. Am. Bull. 88, 390.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duplessy, J.-C., Moyes, J., and Pujol, C.: 1980, Nature 286, 479.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dutsch, H. U.: 1979, J. Atmospheric Terrestrial Phys. 41, 771.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eddy, J. A.: 1976, Science 192, 1189.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eddy, J. A.: 1977, Climatic Change 1, 173.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eddy, J. A. and Boornazian, A. A.: 1979, Am. Astron. Soc. Bull. 11, 437.

    Google Scholar 

  • Embleton, B. J. J. and Schmidt, P. W.: 1979, Nature 282, 705.

    Google Scholar 

  • Emiliani, C.: 1955, J. Geology 63, 538.

    Google Scholar 

  • Epstein, S. and Yapp, C. J.: 1976, Earth Planetary Sci. Letters 30, 252.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ewing, M. and Donn, W. L.: 1956, Science 123, 1061.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fink, J. and Kukla, G. J.: 1977, Quaternary Research 7, 363.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fishman, J., Ramanathan, V., Crutzen, P. J., and Liu, S. C.: 1979, Nature 282, 818.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flohn, H.: 1974, Quaternary Research 4, 385.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flohn, H.: 1978, in A. B. Pittock, L. A. Frakes, D. Jenssen, J. A. Peterson, and J. W. Zillmann (eds.), Climatic Change and Variability. A Southern Perspective, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p. 124.

    Google Scholar 

  • Förster, R.: 1978, Nature 272, 158.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foukal, P.: 1980, Sun and Climate, CNES, Toulouse, France, p. 275.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frakes, L. A.: 1979, Climates Throughout Geologic Time, Elsevier, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frakes, L. A. and Crowell, J. C.: 1972, in S. H. Haughton (ed.), Gondwana Palaeontology and Stratigraphy, CSIR, Pretoria, p. 99.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fritts, H. C.: 1976, Tree Rings and Climate, Academic Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fritz, S. and Angell, J. K.: 1976, J. Geophys. Res. 81, 1051.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frohlich, C.: 1977, in O. R. White (ed.), The Solar Output and its Variation, Colorado Associated University Press, Boulder, p. 93.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gates, W. L.: 1976, Science 191, 1138.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilliland, R. L.: 1980, Nature 286, 838.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gleissberg, W. and Damboldt, T.: 1979, J. British Astron. Assoc. 89, 440.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gordon, W. A.: 1975, J. Geology 53, 671.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goreau, T. J.: 1980, Nature 287, 620.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gough, D. O.: 1977, in O. R. White (ed.), The Solar Output and its Variation, Colorado Associated University Press, Boulder, p. 451.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gough, D. O.: 1981, Solar Phys. 74, 21 (this volume).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gribbin, J. (ed.): 1978, Climatic Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hallam, A.: 1977, Nature 269, 769.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamon, B. V. and Godfrey, J. S.: 1978, in A. B. Pittock, L. A. Frakes, D. Jenssen, J. A. Peterson, and J. W. Zillman (eds.), Climatic Change and Variability. A Southern Perspective, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p. 31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hansen, J. E., Wang, W. C., and Lacis, A. A.: 1978, Science 199, 1065.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haq, B. U., Premoli-Silva, I., and Lohmann, G. P.: 1977, J. Geophys. Res. 82, 3861.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrell, J. and Briskin, M.: 1980, Marine Geology 36, 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hargraves, R. B.: 1976, Science 193, 363.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harland, W. B.: 1972, Geological Magazine 109, 451.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hart, M. H.: 1978, Icarus 33, 23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hartmann, D. L. and Short, D. A.: 1979, J. Atmospheric Sci. 36, 519.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hays, J. D. and Pitman, W. C.: 1973, Nature 246, 18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hays, J. D., Imbrie, J., and Shackleton, N. J.: 1976, Science 194, 1121.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heath, D. F.: 1980, Sun and Climate, CNES, Toulouse, France, p. 447.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heath, D. F. and Thekaekara, M. P.: 1977, in O. R. White (ed.), The Solar Output and its Variation, Colorado Associated University Press, Boulder, p. 193.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heath, D. F., Krueger, A. J., and Crutzen, P. J.: 1977, Science 197, 886.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hein, J. R., Scholl, D. W., and Miller, J.: 1978, Science 199, 137.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henderson-Sellers, A. and Meadows, A. J.: 1978, in Evolution of Planetary Atmospheres and Climatology of the Earth, CNES, Toulouse, France, p. 25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henderson-Sellers, A. and Schwartz, A. W.: 1980, Nature 287, 526.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henderson-Sellers, A., Benlow, A., and Meadows, A. J.: 1980, Quart. J. Roy. Astron. Soc. 21, 74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herman, Y.: 1974, in Y. Herman (ed.), Marine Geology and Oceanography of the Arctic Seas, Springer-Verlag, New York, p. 283.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hickey, J. R., Stowe, L. L., Jacobowitz, H., Pellegrino, P., Maschhoff, R. H., House, F., and von der Haar, T. H.: 1980, Science 208, 281.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hines, C. O. and Halevy, I.: 1977, J. Atmospheric Sci. 34, 382.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirschboeck, K. K.: 1980, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 29, 223.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hollin, J. T.: 1980, Nature 283, 629.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoyt, D. V.: 1979a, Climatic Change 2, 79.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoyt, D. V.: 1979b, Nature 282, 388.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, D. W.: 1980, Nature 286, 439.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, T.: 1975, Rev. Geophys. Space Phys. 13, 502.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hunt, B. G.: 1981, J. Geophys. Res. (in press).

  • Imbrie, J. and Imbrie, K. P.: 1979, Ice Ages, Solving the Mystery, Enslow Publishers, New Jersey.

    Google Scholar 

  • Imbrie, J. and Kipp, N. G.: 1971, in K. K. Turekian (ed.), The Late Cenozoic Glacial Ages, Yale University Press, New Haven, p. 71.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, P. D., Wigley, T. M. L., and Kelly, P. M.: 1981, Mon. Weath. Rev. (submitted).

  • Källén, E., Crafoord, C., and Ghil, M.: 1979, J. Atmospheric Sci. 36, 2292.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kandel, R. S.: 1979, Environment International 2, 335.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaneps, A. G.: 1979, Science 204, 297.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keigwin, L. D.: 1980, Nature 287, 722.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keany, J. and Kennett, J. P.: 1972, Deep Sea Research 19, 529.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keller, J., Ryan, W., Ninkovich, C. D., and Alther, R.: 1978, Geolog. Soc. Am. Bull. 89, 591.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kellogg, T. B.: 1977, Marine Micropaleontology 2, 235.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kemp, E. M.: 1978, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 24, 169.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kennett, J. P.: 1977, J. Geophys. Res. 82, 3843.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kennett, J. P. and Shackleton, N. J.: 1976, Nature 260, 513.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kennett, J. P. and Thunell, R. C.: 1975, Science 192, 497.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kennett, J. P. and Thunell, R. C.: 1977, Science 196, 1231.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kennett, J. P., McBirney, A. R., and Thunell, R. C.: 1977, J. Volcanology Geothermal Research 2, 145.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knauth, L. P. and Epstein, S.: 1976, Geochim. Cosmoch. Acta 40, 1095.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kominz, M. A.: 1978, ‘Development of a Detailed Chronology and Determination of the Major Element Geochemistry of Equatorial Pacific Core V28-238’, M.Sc. thesis, University of Rhode Island.

  • Kominz, M. A. and Pisias, N. G.: 1979, Science 204, 171.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kukla, G. J.: 1977, Earth-Sci. Rev. 13, 307.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kukla, G. J., Angell, J. K., Korshover, J., Dronia, H., Hoshiai, M., Namias, J., Rodewald, M., Yamamoto, R., and Iwashima, T.: 1977, Nature 270, 573.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kukla, G. J., Berger, A., Lotti, R., and Brown, J.: 1981, Nature 290, 295.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kutzbach, J. E.: 1976, Quaternary Research 6, 471.

    Google Scholar 

  • LaBreque, J. L., Kent, D. V., and Cande, S. C.: 1977, Geology 5, 330.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamb, H. H.: 1970, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. A266, 425.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamb, H. H.: 1972, Climate: Present, Past and Future, Vol. 1, Methuen and Co. Ltd., London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamb, H. H.: 1977, Climate: Present, Past and Future, Vol. 2, Methuen and Co. Ltd., London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Livingston, W. C.: 1979, in B. M. McCormac and T. Seliga (eds.), Solar-Terrestrial Influences on Weather and Climate, D. Reidel Publ. Co., Dordrecht, Holland, p. 45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lorenz, E. N.: 1968, Meteorological Monograph 8(30), 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lorenz, E. N.: 1976, Quaternary Research 6, 495.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lowe, J. J., Gray, J. M., and Robinson, J. E. (eds.), 1980, Studies in the Late-Glacial of North-West Europe, Pergamon Press Ltd., Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maack, R.: 1957, Geologische Rundschau 45, 547.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCrae, W. H.: 1975, Nature 255, 607.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCrae, W. H.: 1976, Nature 263, 260.

    Google Scholar 

  • McElhinny, M. W.: 1973, Palaeomagnetism and Plate Tectonics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • McElhinny, M. W., Giddings, J. W., and Embleton, B. J. J.: 1974, Nature 248, 557.

    Google Scholar 

  • McIntyre, A., Ruddiman, W. F., and Jantzen, R.: 1972, Deep Sea Research 19, 61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manabe, S. and Terpstra, T. B.: 1974, J. Atmospheric Sci. 31, 3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manabe, S. and Wetherald, R. T.: 1975, J. Atmospheric Sci. 32, 3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manabe, S. and Wetherald, R. T.: 1980, J. Atmospheric Sci. 37, 99.

    Google Scholar 

  • Margolis, S. V. and Herman, Y.: 1980, Nature 286, 145.

    Google Scholar 

  • Markson, R.: 1978, Nature 273, 103.

    Google Scholar 

  • Markson, R. and Muir, M.: 1980, Science 208, 979.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mass, C. and Schneider, S. H.: 1977, J. Atmospheric Sci. 34, 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mercer, J. H.: 1978, Nature 271, 321.

    Google Scholar 

  • Milankovitch, M.: 1930, in W. Koppen and R. Geiger (eds.), Handbuch der Klimatologie I(A), Gebrüder Borntraeger, Berlin, p. 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Milankovitch, M.: 1941, Royal Serbian Academy, Special Publication 133, Belgrade, 1 (English translation published in 1969 by Israel Program for Scientific Translations available from the U.S. Dept. of Commerce).

    Google Scholar 

  • Miles, M. K. and Gildersleeves, P. B.: 1977, Meteorological Magazine 106, 314.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miles, M. K. and Gildersleeves, P. B.: 1978, Nature 271, 735.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, J. M.: 1976, Quaternary Research 6, 481.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, J. M., Dzerdzeevskii, B., Flohn, H., Hofmeyr, W. L., Lamb, H. H., Rao, K. N., and Wallén, C. C.: 1966, Climatic Change, WMO Technical Note No. 79 (WMO-No. 195, TP 100), Geneva, Switzerland.

  • Mitchell, J. M., Stockton, C. W., and Meko, D. M.: 1979, in B. M. McCormac and T. A. Seliga (eds.), Solar-Terrestrial Influences on Weather and Climate, D. Reidel Publ. Co., Dordrecht, Holland, p. 125.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moorbath, S., O'Nions, R. K., and Parkhurst, R. J.: 1973, Nature 254, 138.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nastrom, G. D. and Belmont, A. D.: 1980, J. Geophys. Res. 85(C1), 443.

    Google Scholar 

  • N. A. S., United States Committee for the Global Atmospheric Research Program: 1975, Understanding Climatic Change, a Program for Action, National Research Council, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newell, R. E. and Weare, B. C.: 1976, Science 194, 1413.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newmann, M. J. and Rood, R. T.: 1977, Science 198, 1035.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newmann, M. J. and Talbot, R. J.: 1976, Nature 262, 559.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nilsen, T. H.: 1978, Nature 274, 786.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ninkovich, C. L. and Donn, W. L.: 1976, Science 194, 899.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oerlemans, J.: 1980, Nature 287, 430.

    Google Scholar 

  • O'Keefe, J. A.: 1980, Nature 285, 309.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oort, A. H. and von der Haar, T. H.: 1976, J. Phys. Oceanography 6, 781.

    Google Scholar 

  • Owen, T.: 1978, Evolution of Planetary Atmospheres and Climatology of the Earth, CNES, Toulouse, France, p. 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Owen, T., Cess, R. D., and Ramanathan, V.: 1979, Nature 277, 640.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parkinson, J.: 1980, New Scientist 86, 201.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pitman, W. C.: 1978, Geolog. Soc. Am. Bull. 89, 1389.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pittock, A. B.: 1978, Rev. Geophys. Space Phys. 16, 400.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pollack, J. B., Borucki, W. J., and Toon, O. B.: 1979, Nature 282, 600.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pollack, J. B., Toon, O. B., Sagan, C., Summers, A., Baldwin, B., and Van Camp, W.: 1976, J. Geophys. Res. 81, 1071.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pollard, D.: 1978, Nature 272, 233.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramanathan, V. and Dickinson, R. E.: 1979, J. Atmospheric Sci. 36, 1084.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, J. D.: 1971, Nature 234, 216.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robock, A.: 1980, Science 206, 1402.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roxburgh, I. W.: 1980, Sun and Climate, CNES, Toulouse, France, p. 261.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruddiman, W. F.: 1971, Geolog. Soc. Am. Bull. 82, 283.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruddiman, W. F. and McIntyre, A.: 1976, in R. M. Cline and J. D. Hays (eds.), Investigation of Late Quaternary Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology, Geolog. Soc. Am. Memoir 145, p. 111.

  • Ruddiman, W. F. and McIntyre, A.: 1979, Science 204, 173.

    Google Scholar 

  • Russel, K. L.: 1968, Nature 218, 861.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sachs, H. M.: 1977, Ann. Rev. Earth Planetary Sci. 5, 159.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sagan, C. and Mullen, G.: 1972, Science 177, 52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Savin, S. M.: 1977, Ann. Rev. Earth Planetary Sci. 5, 319.

    Google Scholar 

  • Savin, S. M.: 1980, Nature 286, 553.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schidlowski, N., Appel, P. W. U., Eichmann, R., and Junge, C. E.: 1979, Geochim. Cosmoch. Acta 43, 189.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, S. H.: 1975, J. Atmospheric Sci. 32, 2060.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, S. H. and Gal-Chen, T.: 1973. J. Geophys. Res. 78, 6182.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, S. H. and Mass, C.: 1975, Science 190, 741.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, S. H. and Thompson, S. L.: 1979, Quaternary Research 12, 188.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, S. H. and Thompson, S. L.: 1980, Icarus (in press).

  • Schneider, S. H., Washington, W. M., and Chervin, R. M.: 1978, J. Atmospheric Sci. 35, 2207.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schnitker, D.: 1980, Nature 284, 615.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schopf, T. J. M.: 1980, Paleoceanography, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schuurmans, C. J. E.: 1978, Climatic Change 1, 231.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seilacher, A.: 1967, Marine Geology 5, 413.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sellers, W. D.: 1969, J. Appl. Meteorol. 8, 392.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sellers, W. D.: 1974, Geofisica International 14, 303.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sergin, V. Ya.: 1979, J. Geophys. Res. 84(C6), 3191.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shackleton, N. J.: 1967, Nature 215, 15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shackleton, N. J.: 1977, in N. R. Anderson and A. Malahoff (eds.), The Fate of Fossil Fuel CO2 in the Oceans, Plenum Press, New York, p. 401.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shackleton, N. J.: 1978, Evolution of Planetary Atmospheres and Climatology of the Earth, CNES, Toulouse, France, p. 49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shackleton, N. J. and Kennett, J. P.: 1975a, Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, Vol. 29, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., p. 743.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shackleton, N. J. and Kennett, J. P.: 1975b, Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, Vol. 29, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., p. 801.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shackleton, N. J. and Opdyke, N. D.: 1973, Quaternary Research 3, 39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shackleton, N. J. and Opdyke, N. D.: 1977, Nature 270, 216.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro, I. I.: 1980, Science 208, 51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro, R.: 1979, J. Atmospheric Sci. 36, 1105.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smit, J. and Hertogen, J.: 1980, Nature 285, 198.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, A. G. and Briden, J. C.: 1977, Mesozoic and Cenozoic Paleocontinental Maps, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sofia, S.: 1980, Sun and Climate, CNES, Toulouse, France, p. 295.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sofia, S., O'Keefe, J., Lesh, J. R., and Endal, A. S.: 1979, Science 204, 1306.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steiner, J.: 1967, J. Geolog. Soc. Australia 14, 99.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steiner, J.: 1978, Precambrian Res. 6, 269.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steiner, J. and Grillmair, E.: 1973, Geolog. Soc. Am. Bull. 84, 1003.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stuiver, M.: 1980, Nature 286, 868.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stuiver, M. and Quay, P. D.: 1980, Science 207, 11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Suarez, M. J. and Held, I. M.: 1976, Nature 263, 46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Suarez, M. J. and Held, I. M.: 1979, J. Geophys. Res. 84(C6), 97.

    Google Scholar 

  • Suess, H. E.: 1980, Endeavour, New Series 4, 113.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tavakol, R. K.: 1978, Nature 273, 140.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, B. L., Gal-chen, T., and Schneider, S. H.: 1980, Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc. 106, 175.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thierstein, H. R. and Berger, W. H.: 1978, Nature 276, 461.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ulrich, R. K.: 1975, Science 190, 619.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vail, P. R., Mitcham, R. M. Jr., and Thompson, S.: 1977, in C. E. Payton (ed.), ‘Seismic Stratigraphy-Applications to Hydrocarbon Exploration’, Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Memoir 26, p. 83.

  • Valentine, J. W. and Moores, E. M.: 1970, Nature 228, 657.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, W.-C., Pinto, J. P., and Yung, Y. L.: 1980, J. Atmospheric Sci. 37, 333.

    Google Scholar 

  • Warren, S. G. and Schneider, S. H.: 1979, J. Atmospheric Sci. 36, 1377.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watts, T.: 1980, New Scientist 88, 360.

    Google Scholar 

  • Webb, T. and Clark, D. R.: 1977, Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 288, 93.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wegener, A.: 1915, Die Entstehung der Kontinent und Ozean, Friedr. Vieweg und Sohn.

  • Wetherald, R. T. and Manabe, S.: 1975, J. Atmospheric Sci. 32, 2044.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wetherald, R. T. and Manabe, S.: 1980, J. Atmospheric Sci. 37, 1485.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilcox, J. M., Scherrer, P. H., Svalgaard, L., Roberts, W. O., Olson, R., and Jenne, R. L.: 1974, J. Atmospheric Sci. 31, 581.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilcox, J. M., Svalgaard, L., and Scherrer, P. H.: 1976, J. Atmospheric Sci. 33, 1113.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wigley, T. M. L.: 1976, Nature 264, 629.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wigley, T. M. L. and Brimblecombe, P.: 1981, Nature 291, 213.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wigley, T. M. L. and Jones, P. D.: 1981, Nature (in press).

  • Wigley, T. M. L., Jones, P. D., and Kelly, P. M.: 1980, Nature 283, 17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wigley, T. M. L., Ingram, M. J., and Farmer, G. (eds.): 1981, Climate and History, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, G. E.: 1975, Geological Magazine 112, 441.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, J.: 1978, in J. Gribbin (ed.), Climatic Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p. 178.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, L. D.: 1978, Quaternary Research 10, 141.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, L. D., Wigley, T. M. L., and Kelly, P. M.: 1980, in Sun and Climate, CNES, Toulouse, France, p. 11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, R. G. and Gerety, E. J.: 1978, Nature 275, 200.

    Google Scholar 

  • Willson, R. C. and Hickey, J. R.: 1977, in O. R. White (ed.), The Solar Output and its Variation, Colorado Associated University Press, Boulder, p. 111.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, A. T.: 1964, Nature 201, 147.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, A. T.: 1969, Canadian J. Earth Sci. 6, 911.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woillard, G. M.: 1979, Nature 281, 558.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolfe, J. A.: 1980, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 30, 313.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright, A. E. and Moseley, F. (eds.): 1975, Ice Ages: Ancient and Modern, Seel House Press, Liverpool.

    Google Scholar 

  • Young, G. M.: 1970, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 7, 85.

    Google Scholar 

  • Young, G. M.: 1973, in G. M. Young (ed.), Huronian Stratigraphy and Sedimentation, Geolog. Assoc. Canada, Special Paper 12, p. 97.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Climatic Research Unit, University of East Anglia, NR4 7TJ, Norwich, England

    T. M. L. Wigley

Authors
  1. T. M. L. Wigley
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Additional information

Proceedings of the 14th ESLAB Symposium on Physics of Solar Variations, 16–19 September 1980, Scheveningen, The Netherlands.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Wigley, T.M.L. Climate and paleoclimate: What we can learn about solar luminosity variations. Sol Phys 74, 435–471 (1981). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00154529

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00154529

Keywords

Search

Navigation