Abstract
Numerous studies over the past several years have demonstrated that human papillomaviruses (HPV) may play a significant role in the development of several types of human neoplasia. Although it has been accepted for some time that HPVs are responsible for benign epithelial tumors, data accumulated in more recent ycars have implicated this group of animal viruses in a number of premalignant lesions, as well as a variety of epithelially derived malignancies. Genital, oral, and some rare types of cutaneous cancers have all been found to contain varying degrees of HPV DNA. In several instances secondary tumors resulting from metastases to lymph nodes and lungs have also been demonstrated to contain HPV DNA. Although there is a strong correlation between the presence of the virus and the malignant phenotype in several of these cancers, the precise role of the virus in the development of malignant tumors has not yet been elucidated.
A major difficulty in elucidating the role of papillomaviruses in oncogenesis has been the lack of an appropriate in vitro culture system that would permit the growth of the virus and allow an analysis of its transforming properties. Nevertheless, recent advances in molecular biology have permitted the molecular cloning and amplification of HPV viral DNA, thereby facilitating its use as a probe for the detection of miniscule amounts of HPV DNA and HPV RNA in tumor biopsies. Moreover, DNA transfections of cells in culture have been extremely useful in the study of viral DNA replication and transformation properties, providing information on the maintenance and oncogenicity of HPV DNA. These advances have implications for the improved detection of HPV infections, which will aid in patient diagnosis and prognosis. In addition, future treatment and prevention programs may come as a direct result of these basic studies on the mechanism of HPV-induced oncogenesis.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Gissmann L, Schneider A: Human papillomavirus DNA in preneoplastic and neoplastic genital lesions. In: Peto R, zur Hausen H (eds) Viral Etiology of Cervical Cancer. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. 1986. pp 217–224
Lorincz A, Lancaster W, Kurman R, Jenson A, Temple G: Characterization of human papillomaviruses in cervical neoplastas and their detection in routine clinical screening. In: Peto R, zur Hausen H (eds) Viral Etiology of Cervical Cancer. Cold spring Harbor Laboratory, 1986. pp 225–237
Cox M, Meanwell C, Maitland N, Blackledge G, Scully C, Jordan J: Human papillomavirus type-16 homologous DNA in normal human cetocervix. Lancet ii: 157–158, 1986
Roberts L: Sex and cancer. Science '86, July/August 7: 30–33, 1986
Ostrow R, Manias D, Clark B, Okagaki T, Twiggs L, Faras A: Detection of human papillomavirus DNA in invasive carcinomas of the cervix by in situ hybridizations. Cancer Res 47: 674–653, 1987
Ostrow R, Faras A: Human papillomaviruses. Clinical Microbiology Newsletter, 8: 53–56. 1986
Ostrow R, Zachow K, Weber D, Okagaki T, Fukushima M, Clark B, Twiggs L, Faras A: Presence and possible involvement of HPV DNA in premalignant and malignant tumors. In: Howley P, Broker T (eds) Papillomaviruses: Molecular and Clinical Aspects. Alan R Liss. Inc., New York, 1985, pp 501–511
Fukushima M, Okagaki T, Twiggs L, Clark B, Zachow K, Ostrow R, Faras A: Histological types of carcinoma of the uterine cervix and the detectability of human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA. Cancer Res 45: 3252–3255, 1985
Okagaki T, Clark B, Zachow K, Twiggs L, Ostrow R, Pass F, Faras A: Presence of human papillomavirus in verrucous carcinoma (Ackerman) of the vagina: immunocytochemical, ultrastructural and DNA hybridization studies. Arch Pathol Lab Med 108: 567–570, 1984
Okagaki T, Twiggs L, Zachow K, Clark B, Ostrow R, Faras A: Identification of human papillomavirus DNA in cervical and vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia with molecularly cloned virus-specific DNA probes. Int J Gynecol Pathol 2: 153–159, 1983
Zachow K, Ostrow R, Bender M, Watts S, Okagaki T, Pass F, Faras A: Detection of human papillomavirus DNA in anogenital neoplasias. Nature 300: 771–772, 1982
Sato S, Okagaki T, Clark B, Twiggs L, Fukushima M, Ostrow R, Faras A: Sensitivity of koilocytosis, immunocytochemistry and electron microscopy in detecting human papillomavirus (HPV) in the cervical and vaginal condyloma and intraepithelial neoplasia as compared to DNA hybridization. Int J Gynecol Pathol 5: 297–307, 1987
Pfister H: Biology and biochemistry of papillomaviruses. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 99: 112–181, 1984
Gissmann L, Wolnick L, Ikenberg H, Koldovsky U, Schnurch H, zurHausen H: Human papillomavirus types 6 and 11 DNA sequences in genital and laryngeal papillomas and in some cervical cancers. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 80: 560–563, 1983
Durst M, Gissmann L, Ikenberg H, zurHausen H: A new type of papillomavirus DNA from a cervical carcinoma and its prevalence in cancer biopsies from different geographic regions. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 80: 3812–3815, 1983
Boshart M, Gissmann L, Ikenberg H, Kleinheinz A, Scheurlen W, zurHausen H: A new type of papillomavirus DNA, its presence in genital cancer biopsies and in cell lines derived from cervical cancer. EMBO 3: 1151–1157, 1984
Durst M, Kleinheinz A, Hotz M, Gissmann L: The physical state of human papillomavirus type 16 DNA in benign and malignant genital tumours. J Gen Virol 66: 1515–1522, 1985
Prakash S, Reeves W, Sisson G, Brenes M, Godoy J, Bacchetti S, deBritton R, Rowls W: Herpes simplex virus type 2 and human papillomavirus type 16 in cervicitis, dysplasia and invasive cervical carcinoma. Int J Cancer 35: 51–57, 1985
Yoshikawa H, Matsukura T, Yamamoto E, Kawana T, Mizuno M, Yoshiike K: Occurrence of human papillomavirus types 16 and 18 DNA in cervical carcinomas from Japan: Age of patients and histological types of carcinomas. Jpn J Cancer Res 76: 667–671, 1985
DiLuca D, Pilotti S, Stefanon B, Rotola A, Monini P, Tognon M, DePalo G, Rilke R, Cassai E: Human papillomavirus type 16 DNA in genital tumours: a pathological and molecular analysis. J Gen Virol 67: 583–589, 1986
Tsunokawa Y, Takebe N, Nozwa S, Kasamatsu T, Gissmann L, zurHausen H, Terada M, Sugimura T: Presence of human papillomavirus type-16 and type-18 DNA sequences and their expression in cervical cancers and cell lines from Japanese patients. Int J Cancer 37: 499–503, 1986
Silverberg E: Cancer statistics, 1985. CA-A Cancer J for Clinicians. 35: 19–40, 1985
Ferenczy A, Mitao M, Nagai N, Silverstein S, Crum C: Latent papillomavirus and recurring genital warts. N Engl J Med 313: 784–788, 1985
Steinberg B, Topp W, Schneider P, Abramson A: Laryngeal papillomavirus infection during clinical remission. N Engl J Med 308: 1261–1264, 1983
Gissmann L, Pfister H, zurHausen H: Human papillomaviruses (HPV): characterization of four different isolates. Virology 76: 569–580, 1977
Heilman C, Law M, Israel M, Howley P: Cloning of human papillomavirus genomic DNAs and analysis of homologous polynucleotide sequences. J Virol 36: 395–407, 1980
Orth G, Favre M, Croissant O: Characterization of a new type of human papillomavirus that causes skin warts. J Virol 24: 108–120, 1977
Orth G, Jablonska S, Favre M, Croissant O, Jarzabek-Chorzelska M, Rzesa G: Characterization of two types of human papillomaviruses in lesions of epidermodysplasia verruciformis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 75: 1537–1541, 1978
Ostrow R, Zachow K, Watts S, Bender M, Pass F, Faras A: Characterization of two HPV-3 related papillomaviruses from common warts that are distinct from flat warts or epidermodysplasia verruciformis. J Invest Dermatol 80: 436–440, 1983
Kremsdorf D, Jablonska S, Favre M, Orth G: Human papillomaviruses associated with epidermodysplasia verruciformis: II. Molecular cloning and biochemical characterization of human papillomavirus 3a, 8, 10, and 12 genomes. J Virol 48: 340–351, 1983
Kremsdorf D, Jablonska S, Favre M, Orth G: Biochemical characterization of two types of human papillomaviruses associated with epidermodysplasia verruciformis. J Virol 43: 436–447, 1982
Ostrow R, Bender M, Niimura M, Seki T, Kawashima M, Pass F, Faras A: Human papillomavirus DNA in cutaneous primary and metastasized squamous cell carcinomas from patients with epidermodysplasia verruciformis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79: 1634–1638, 1982
Gissmann L, zurHausen H: Partial characterization of viral DNA from human genital warts (condyloma acuminata). Int J Cancer 25: 605–609, 1980
deVilliers E, Gissmann L, zurHausen H: Molecular cloning of viral DNA from human genital warts. J Virol 40: 932–935, 1981
Orth G, Jablonska S, Favre M, Croissant O, Obalek S, Jarzabek-Chorzelska M, Jibard N: Identification of papillomaviruses in butcher's warts. J Inves Dermatol 76: 97–102, 1981
Ostrow R, Kryzek R, Pass F, Faras A: Identification of a novel human papilloma virus in cutaneous warts of meat-handlers. Virology 108: 21–27, 1981
Pfister H, Nurnberger F, Gissmann L, zurHausen H: Characterization of a human papillomavirus from epidermodysplasia verruciformis lesions of a patient from Upper Volta. Int J Cancer 27: 645–650, 1981
Green M, Brackmann K, Sanders P, Lowenstein P, Foley J, Eisinger M, Sweitlyk S: Isolation of a human papillomavirus from a patient with epidermodysplasia verruciformis: presence of related viral DNA genomes in human urogenital tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79: 4437–4441, 1982
Gissmann L, Diehl V, Schultz-Coulton H, zurHausen H: Molecular cloning and characterization of human papillomavirus DNA derived from laryngeal papillomas. J Virol 44: 393–400, 1982
Pfister H, Hettich I, Runne U, Gissmann L, Chilf G: Characterization of human papillomavirus type 13 from lesions of focal epithelial hyperplasia of Heck. J Virol 47: 363–366, 1983
Kremsdorf D, Favre M, Jablonska S, Obalek S, Rueda L, Lutzner M, Blanchet-Bardon C, VanVoorst Vader P, Orth G: Molecular cloning and characterization of the genomes of nine newly recognized human papillomavirus types associated with epidermodysplasia verruciformis. J Virol 52: 1013–1018, 1984
Pater M, Pater A: Human papillomavirus types 16 and 18 in carcinoma cell lines of the cervix. Virology 145: 313–318, 1985
Stawowy M, Mitchell A, Ostrow R, Manias D, Faras A: Epidermodysplasia verruciformis—a case associated with primary lymphatic dysplasia, depressed cell mediated immunity and Bowen's disease containing HPV-16 DNA. Arch Dermatol (in press)
Schwarz E, Freese U, Gissmann L, Mayer W, Roggenbuck B, Stremlau A, zurHausen H: Structure and transcription of human papillomavirus sequences in cervical carcinoma cells. Nature 314: 111–114, 1985
Gassenmaier A, Lammel M, Pfister H: Molecular cloning and characterization of the DNAs of human papillomaviruses 19, 20, and 25 from a patient with epidermodysplasia verruciformis. J Virol 52: 1019–1023, 1984
Ostrow R, Zachow K, Thompson O, Faras A: Molecular cloning and characterization of a unique type of human papillomavirus from an immune deficient patient. J Invest Dermatol 82: 362–366, 1984
Kahn T, Schwarz E, zurHausen H: Molecular cloning and characterization of the DNA of a new human papillomavirus (HPV 30) from a laryngeal carcinoma. Int J Cancer 37: 61–65, 1986
Lorinez A, Lancaster W, Temple G: Cloning and characterization of the DNA of a new human papillomavirus from a woman with dysplasia of the uterine cervix. J Virol 58: 225–229, 1986
Kawashima M, Jablonska S, Favre M, Obalek S, Croissant O, Orth G: Characterization of a new type of human papillomavirus found in a lesion of Bowen's disease of the skin. J Virol 57: 688–692, 1986
McCance D: Human papillomaviruses and cancer. Biochim et Biophys Acta 823: 195–205, 1986
Scheurlen W, Gissmann L, Gross G, zurHausen H: Molecular cloning of two new HPV-types (HPV 37 and HPV 38) from a keratoacanthoma and a malignant melanoma Int J Cancer 37: 505–510, 1986
Ostrow R, Bender M: Recombinant DNA technology as it relates to human papillomavirus research. In: Callen J, Dahl M, Golitz L, Rasmussen J, Stegmean S (eds) Advances in Dermatology. Yearbook Medical Publishers, Inc., Chicago, 1986, pp 223–235
Coggin J, zurHausen H: Workshop on papillomaviruses and cancer. Cancer Res 39: 545–546, 1979
Kurman R, Shah K, Lancaster W, Jenson A: Immunoperoxidase localization of papillomavirus antigens in cervical dysplasis and vulvar condylomas. Am J Obstet Gynecol 140: 931–935, 1981
Syrjanen K, Pyrrhonen S: Immunoperoxidase demonstration of human papillomavirus (HPV) in dysplastic lesions of the uterine cervix. Arch Gynecol 233: 53–61, 1982
Kurman R, Jenson A, Lancaster W: Papillomavirus infection of the cervix. II. relationship to intraepithelial neoplasia based on the presence of specific viral structural proteins. Amer J Surg Path 7: 39–51, 1983
Law M, Lancaster W, Howley P: Conserved sequences among the genomes of papillomaviruses. J Virol 32: 199–207, 1979
Danos O, Katinka M, Yaniv M: Human papillomavirus la complete DNA sequence: a novel type of genome organization among papovaviridae. EMBO J 1: 231–236, 1982
Zachow K, Ostrow R, Faras A: The nucleotide sequence of Human papillomavirus type 5 Virology 158: 251–254. 1987
Schwartz E, Durst M, Demenkowski C, Lattermann O, Zech R, Wolfsperger E, Suhai S, zurHausen H: DNA sequence and genome organization of genital human papillomavirus type 6b. EMBO J 2: 2361–2368, 1983
Fuchs P, Iftner T, Weninger J, Pfister H: Epidermodysplasia verruciformis-associated human papillomavirus 8: genomic sequence and comparative analysis. J Virol 58: 626–634, 1986
Dartmann K, Schwarz E, Gissmann L, zurHausen H: The neocloetide sequence and genome organization of human papillomavirus type 11. Virology 131: 124–130, 1986
Secdorf K, Krammer G, Durst M, Suhai S, Rowekamp W: Human papillomavirus type 16 DNA sequence. Virology 145: 181–185, 1985
Cole S, Streeck R: Genome organization and nucleotide sequence of human papillomavirus type 33, which is associated with cervical cancer. J Virol 58: 991–995, 1986
Chen Y, Howley P, Levinson A, Seeburg P: The primary structure and genetic organization of bovine papillomavirus type 1 genome. Nature 299: 529–534, 1982
Giri I, Danos O, Yaniv M: Genomic structure of the cottontail rabbit (Shope) papillomavirus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 80: 1580–1584, 1985
Pilacinski W, Glassman D, Krzyzek R, Sadowski P, Robbins A: Cloning and expression in Escherichia coli of the bovine papillomavirus L1 and L2 open reading frames. Biotechnology 2: 356–360, 1984
Pilacinski W, Glassman D, Glassman K, Reed D, Lum M, Marshal R, Muscoplat C: Development of a recombinant DNA vaccine against bovine papillomavirus infection in cattle. In: Howley P, Broker T (eds) Papillomaviruses: Molecular and clinical Aspects. Alan R Liss. Inc, New York, 1985, pp 257–271
Lowy D, Dvoretsky I, Shobert R, Law M, Engel L, Howley P: In vitro tumorigenic transformation by a defined sub-genomic fragment of BPV DNA. Nature 287: 72–74, 1980
Watts S, Phelps W, Ostrow R, Zachow K, Faras A: Cellular transformation by human papillomavirus DNA in vitro. Science 225: 634–635, 1984
Watts S, Ostrow R, Phelps W, Prince J, Faras A: Free cottontail rabbit papillomavirus DNA persists in warts and carcinomas of intected rabbits and in cells in culture transformed with virus or viral DNA. Virology 125: 127–138, 1983
Saver N, Rabson M, Yang Y, Byrne J, Howley P: Localization and analysis of bovine papillomavirus type 1 transforming functions. J Virol 52: 377–388, 1984
Lusky M, Botchan M: Genetic analysis of bovine papillomavirus type 1 trans-acting replication factors. J Virol 53: 955–965, 1985
Spalholz B, Yang Y, Howley P: Transactivation of a bovine papillomavirus transcriptional regulatory element by the E2 gene product. Cell 42: 183–191, 1985
Doorbar J, Campbell D, Grand R, Gallimore P: Identification of the human papilloma virus-la gene products. EMBO J 5: 355–362, 1986
Schiller J, Vass W, Lowy D: Identification of a second transforming region of bovine papillomavirus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81: 7880–7884, 1984
Yang Y, Okayama H, Howley P: Bovine papillomavirus contains multiple transforming genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82: 1030–1034, 1985
Smotkin D, Wettstein F: Transcription of human papillomavirus type 16 early genes in a cervical cancer and a cancer-derived cell line and identification of the E7 protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83: 4680–4684, 1986
Waldeck W, Rosl F, Zentgraf H: Origin of replication in episomal bovine papillomavirus type 1 DNA isolated from transformed cells. EMBO J 3: 2173–2178, 1984
Lusky M, Berg L, Weiher H, Botchan M: Bovine papilloma virus contains an activator of gene expression at the distal end of the transcriptional unit. Mol Cell Biol 3: 1108–1122, 1983
Spalholz B, Yang Y, Howley P: Identification of a new enhancer within the non-coding region of BPV-1 which is trans-activated by BPV-1 early gene products. In: Howley P, Broker T (eds) Papillomaviruses: Molecular and Clinical Aspects. Alan R. Liss, Inc, New York, 1985, pp 343–361
Watts S, Chow L, Ostrow R, Faras A, Broker T: Localization of the HPV-5 transforming functions. In: Howley P, Broker T (eds) Papillomaviruses: Molecular and Clinical Aspects. Alan R. Liss, Inc, New York, 1985, pp 501–511
Rous P, Beard J: The progression to carcinoma of virus-induced rabbit papillomas (Shope). J Exp Med 62: 523–548, 1935
Syverton J: The pathogenesis of the rabbit papillomato-carcinoma sequence. Ann NY Acad Sci 54: 1126–1140, 1952
Stevens J, Wettstein F: Multiple copies of Shope virus DNA are present in cells of benign and malignant non-virus-producing neoplasms. J Virol 30: 892–898, 1979
Jarrett W, McNeil P, Grimshaw W, Selman I, McIntyre W: High incidence area of cattle cancer with a possible interaction between an environmental carcinogen and a papillomavirus. Nature 274: 215–217, 1978
Campo M, Moar M, Sartirana M, Kennedy I, Jarrett W: The presence of bovine papillomavirus type 4 and DNA is not required for the progression to or the maintenance of the malignant state in cancers of the alimentary canal in cattle. EMBO J 4: 1819–1825, 1985
Ostrow R, Watts S, Bender M, Niimura M, Seki T, Kawashima M, Pass F, Faras A: Identification and characterization of human papillomavirus type 5 in cutaneous and metastasized carcinomas of patients exhibiting epidermodysplasia verruciformis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79: 1634–1638, 1982
Orth G, Favre M, Breitburd F, Croissant O, Jablonska S, Obalek S, Jarzabek-Chorzelska M, Rzesa G: Epidermodysplasia verruciformis: a model for the role of papillomavirus. Essex M, Todaw G, zurHausen H (eds). Cold Spring Harbor Conference on Cell Proliferation: Virus in Naturally Occurring Cancers. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York 1980, pp 259–282
Pfister H, Gassenmaier A, Nurnberger F, Stuttgen G: Human papillomavirus 5-DNA in a carcinoma of an epidermodysplasia verruciformis infected with various human papillomavirus types. Cancer Res 43: 1436–1441, 1983
Lancaster W, Castellano C, Santos C, Delgado G, Kurman R, Jenson A: Human papillomavirus deoxyribonucleic acid in cervical carcinoma from primary and metastatic sites. Am J Obstet Gynecol 154: 115–119, 1986
Loning T, Ikenberg M, Becker J, Gissmann L, Hoepfer I, zurHausen H: Analysis of oral papillomavirus, leukoplakias and invasive carcinomas for human papillom virus type related DNA. J Invest Dermatol 84: 417–420, 1985
deVilliers E, Weidauer H, Otto H, zurHausen H: Papillomavirus DNA in human tongue carcinomas. Int J Cancer 36: 575–578, 1985
Ostrow R, Manias D, Fong W, Zachow K, Faras A. A survey of human cancers for human papillomavirus DNA by filter hybridization. Cancer 59: 429–434, 1987
Stremlau A, Gissmann L, Ikenberg H, Stark M, Bannasch P, zurHausen H: Human papillomavirus type 16 related DNA in an anaplastic carcinoma of the lung. Cancer 55: 1737–1740, 1985
Levine R, Crum C, Herman E, Silvers D, Ferenczy A, Richart R: Cervical papillomavirus infection and intraepithelial neoplasia: a study of male sexual partners. Obst Gynecol 64: 16–20, 1984
Ostrow R, Zachow K, Niimura M, Okagaki T, Muller S, Bender M, Faras A: Detection of papillomavirus DNA in human semen. Science 231: 731–733, 1986
Breneman D, Lucky A, Ostrow R, Faras A, Volger C, Jenski L: Bowenoid papulosis of the genitalia associated with human papillomavirus DNA type 16 in an infant with atopic dermatitis. Ped Dermatol 2: 297–301, 1985
Gross G, Hagedorn M, Ikenberg H, Rufli T, Dahlet C, Grosshans E, Gissmann L: Bowenoid papulosis. Presence of human papillomavirus (HPV) structural antigens and of HPV 16-related DNA sequences. Arch Dermatol 121: 858–863, 1985
Ikenberg H, Gissmann L, Gross G, Grussendorf-Conen E, zurHausen H: Human papillomavirus type-16-related DNA in genital Bowen's disease and in bowenoid papulosis. Int J Cancer 32: 563–565, 1983
Villa L, Lopes A: Human papillomavirus DNA sequences in penile carcinomas in Brazil, Int J Cancer 37: 853–855, 1986
Boshart M, zurHausen H: Human papillomaviruses in Buschke-Lowenstein tumors: physical state of the DNA and identification of a tandem duplication in the noncoding region of a human papillomavirus 6 subtype. J Virol 58: 963–966, 1986
Rando R, Sedlacek T, Hunt J, Jenson A, Kurman R, Lancaster W: Verrucous carcinoma of the vulva associated with an unusual type 6 human papillomavirus. Obstet Gynecol 67: 70S-75S, 1986
Rando R, Groff D, Chirikjian J, Lancaster W: Isolation and characterization of a novel human papillomavirus type 6 DNA from an invasive vulvar carcinoma. J Virol 57: 353–356, 1986
Hoxtell E, Mandel J, Murray S, Schuman L, Goltz R: Incidence of skin carcinomas after renal transplantation. Arch Dermatol 113: 436–438. 1977
Van derLeest R, Zachow K, Ostrow R, Bender M, Pass F, Faras A: Human papillomavirus heterogeneity in a large group of renal transplant recipients. Arch Dermatol 123: 354–357, 1987
zurHausen H: Genital papillomavirus infections. Prog Med Virol 32: 15–21, 1985
Wettstein F, Stevens J: Variable-sized free episomes of Shope papilloma virus DNA are present in all non-virus-producing neoplasms and integrated episomes are detected in some. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79: 790–794, 1982
Nasseri M, Wettstein F: Cottontail rabbit papillomavirus-specific transcripts in transplantable tumors with integrated DNA. Virology 138: 362–367, 1984
Matsukura T, Kanda T, Furuno A, Yoshikawa H, Kawana T, Yoshiike K: Cloning of monomeric human papillomavirus type 16 DNA integrated with cell DNA from a cervical carcinoma. J Virol 58: 979–982, 1986
Roman A, Fife K: Human papillomavirus DNA associated with foreskins of normal newborns. J Infect Diseases 153: 855–861
Davis B: Evolution of microbiology and of microbes. In: Davis B, Culbecco R, Eisen H, Ginsberg H (eds) Microbiology. Harper & Row, Hagerstown, MD, 1980, pp 1–14
Rous P. Beard J: A virus-induced mammalian growth with the characteristics of a tumor (the Shope rabbit papilloma: growth on implantation within favorable hosts). J Exper Med, Dec 1934, 60: 701–722, 1934
Olson C, Gordon D, Robl M, Lee K: Oncogenicity of bovine papilloma virus. Arch Environ Health 19: 827–837. 1969
Rowson K, Mahy B: Human papova (wart) virus. Bacteriol Rev 31: 110–131. 1967
Kreider J, Howett M, Lill N, Bartlett G, Zaino R, Sedlacek T, Mortel R: In vivo transformation of human skin with human papillomavirus type 11 from condylomata acuminata. J Virol 59: 369–376, 1986
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ostrow, R.S., Faras, A.J. The molecular biology of human papillomaviruses and the pathogenesis of genital papillomas and neoplasms. Cancer Metast Rev 6, 383–385 (1987). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00144271
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00144271