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Henry Ravenel (1814–1887): Views on evolution in social context

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References

  1. Tamara Miner Haygood, “Henry William Ravenel, 1814–1887: South Carolina Scientist in the Civil War Era,” Ph.D. diss., Rice University, 1983, pp. 145–153, 179–189, 192, 208.

  2. Ibid., pp. 22–60.

  3. Ibid., pp. 66–76, 91.

  4. Ibid., pp. 91–106; M. J. Berkeley and M. A. Curtis, “Centuries of North American Fungi,” Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 2nd ser., 12 (December 1853), 417; H. W. Ravenel, Fungi Caroliniani Exsiccati: Fungi of Carolina, Illustrated by Natural Specimens of the Species (Charleston, S. C.: Russell & Jones, 1852–60).

  5. Lewis Cecil Gray, History of Agriculture in the Southern United States to 1860, II (New York: Peter Smith, 1941), 825; James C. Bonner, “Advancing Trends in Southern Agriculture, 1840–1860,” Agric. Hist., 22 (1948), 252–253; U. P. Hedrick, A History of Horticulture in America to 1860 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1950), 283–286.

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  6. Arney Robinson Childs, ed., The Private Journal of Henry William Ravenel, 1859–1887 (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1947), pp. 142, 154, and passim; the manuscript journal is available at the South Caroliniana Library, University of South Carolina, Columbia, S.C.; Ravenel to Job Bicknell Ellis, September 16, 1859, Ellis Collection, New York Botanical Garden Library, New York, N.Y.

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  7. H. W. Ravenel, Address Delivered before the Aiken Fruit-Growing and Horticultural Association. July 21st, 1859 (Columbia, S.C.: Robert M. Stokes, 1859), pp. 17–18.

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  8. H. W. Ravenel, “Paper on Grapes Read before the ‘Aiken Vine-Growing and Horticultural Association,’ September 15, 1859,” Report Agriculture 1859 (Washington, D.C.: United States Patent Office, 1860), pp. 537–540; also printed under the heading “Native Grapes Classified,” So. Cultivator, 18 (1860), 32–33.

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  9. Arney Robinson Childs, ed., The Private Journal of Henry William Ravenel, 1859–1887 (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1947), pp. 15–16.

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  10. Ravenel to Curtis, July 3, 1849, and July 1849, Folder 22, Box 2, Moses Ashley Curtis Papers, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, N.C.; hereinafter cited as Curtis Papers, UNC.

  11. H. W. Ravenel, Address Delivered before the Aiken Fruit-Growing and Horticultural Association. July 21st, 1859 (Columbia, S.C.: Robert M. Stokes, 1859), p. 13.

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  12. Fragment of an essay on the relations of geology and religion, in Ravenel's handwriting, Historical Collection of the Botany Department of the University of North Carolina, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina; hereinafter cited as Botany Collection, UNC.

  13. Edmund Ravenel to Henry William Ravenel, April 8, 1844, Folder 1, Henry William Ravenel (1814–1887) Papers, April 1844–July 25, 1887, and n.d., South Caroliniana Library, University of South Carolina; hereinafter cited as Ravenel Papers, USC.

  14. Fragment of essay on the relations of geology and religion (see n. 12 above) page labeled 30, but second page of fragment.

  15. Asa Gray, “Review of Darwin's Theory on the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection,” Amer. J. Sci. Arts, 29 (1860), 153–184, reprinted in Asa Gray, Darwiniana: Essays and Reviews Pertaining to Darwinism, ed. A. Hunter Dupree (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1963), pp. 7–50; Childs, Private Journal, pp. 15–16.

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  16. I am indebted to Professor Lester Stephens for pointing out this connection.

  17. Arney Robinson Childs, ed., The Private Journal of Henry William Ravenel, 1859–1887 (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1947), p. 21.

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  18. Curtis to Gray, May 24, 1860, Historic Letters, M. A. Curtis, Library of the Gray Herbarium, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.

  19. H. W. Ravenel, “Premium Essay on the C[l]assification and Nomenclature of Fruits. Published by Order of the South Carolina State Agricultural Society,” Farmer and Planter, 3 (1861), 27–28.

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  20. Ravenel, “Premium Essay,” p. 27.

  21. Ravenel to Edward Tuckerman, January 12, February 21, 1868, Octavo Volume 10, Edward Tuckerman Correspondence, American Antiquarian Society, Worcester, Mass. (hereinafter cited as Tuckerman Correspondence, AAS); Ravenel to Job Bicknell Ellis, January 19, 1872, Ellis Collection; Ravenel to George E. Davenport, November 24, 1873, Historic Letters, H. W. Ravenel, Gray Herbarium; Ravenel to Tuckerman, July 23, 1877, Folder 40, Edward Tuckerman Botanical Papers, Amherst College, Amherst, Mass.; H. W. Ravenel and M. C. Cooke, Fungi Americani Exsiccati (8 cents., London, 1878–82).

  22. Asa Gray, “Address,” Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 21 (1872), 19–20.

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  23. Edward J. Pfeifer, “United States,” in Thomas F. Glick, ed., The Comparative Reception of Darwinism (Austin and London: University of Texas Press, 1972), p. 195; Ronald L. Numbers, “Creationism in 20th-Century America,” Science, 218 (1982), 538–544.

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  24. Edward J. Pfeifer, “United States,” in Thomas F. Glick, ed., The Comparative Reception of Darwinism (Austin and London: University of Texas Press, 1972), pp. 189–191. 198–199; Cynthia Eagle Russett, Darwin in America: The Intellectual Response, 1865–1912 (San Francisco: W. H. Freeman, 1976), pp. 10–11; James R. Moore, The Post-Darwinian Controversies: A Study of the Protestant Struggle to Come to Terms with Darwin in Great Britain and America, 1870–1900 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979); Asa Gray, Darwiniana, pp. 121–122.

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  25. H. W. Ravenel, “Insectivorous Plants,” Rural Carolinian, 6 (January 1875), 201; Dr. Harry Shealy called this article to my attention. See also letter from Ravenel to Gray, July 13, 1874, Historic Letters, H. W. Ravenel, Gray Herbarium; Gray, Darwiniana, p. 253.

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  26. H. W. Ravenel, “On the Seemingly One-Ranked Leaves of Baptisia Perfoliata,” Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 20 (1871), 391–393; H. W. Ravenel, “On the Relation of the Tendril to the Phyllotaxis in Certain Cucurbitaceous Plants,” ibid., pp. 393–397; Gray, Darwiniana, pp. 254–277.

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  27. H. W. Ravenel, Address Delivered before the Aiken Fruit-Growing and Horticultural Association. July 21st, 1859 (Columbia, S.C.: Robert M. Stokes, 1859), pp. 20–21.

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  28. Gray, Darwiniana, p. 285.

  29. Ibid., p. 284.

  30. H. W. Ravenel, “Do Varieties of Animals or Plants Wear Out in Course of Time, or Tend to Wear Out?” Rural Carolinian, 6 (February 1875), 257.

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  31. H. W. Ravenel, “Do Varieties of Animals or Plants Wear Out in Course of Time, or Tend to Wear Out?” Rural Carolinian, 6 (February 1875), 257.

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  32. H. W. Ravenel, “Do Varieties of Animals or Plants Wear Out in Course of Time, or Tend to Wear Out?” Rural Carolinian, 6 (February 1875), 257. Ravenel, “Insectivorous Plants,” p. 201.

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  33. H. W. Ravenel, “A Visit to Fruitland Nurseries,” Rural Carolinian, 6 (November 1874), 76; Dr. Shealy kindly brought this article to my attention.

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  34. H. W. Ravenel, “A Visit to Fruitland Nurseries,” Rural Carolinian, 6 (November 1874), 76; Dr. Shealy kindly brought this article to my attention.

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  35. Arney Robinson Childs, ed., The Private Journal of Henry William Ravenel, 1859–1887 (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1947), p. 393; Ravenel to Meehan, December 1879, Folder 2, Ravenel Papers, USC (hereinafter cited as Ravenel Letter, 1879); Ravenel to Meehan, February 12, 1881, Botany Collection, UNC (hereinafter cited as Ravenel Letter, 1881).

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  36. Ravenel Letter, 1879, pp. 1–2.

  37. Ibid., pp. 3–4; Ravenel Letter, 1881, p. 2. On others' resistance to Darwin on this point see Moore, Post-Darwinian Controversies, pp. 194–196.

  38. Ravenel Letter, 1881, p. 2.

  39. Ravenel Letter, 1879, p. 7.

  40. Ibid.

  41. Arney Robinson Childs, ed., The Private Journal of Henry William Ravenel, 1859–1887 (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1947), p. 9.

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  42. Arney Robinson Childs, ed., The Private Journal of Henry William Ravenel, 1859–1887 (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1947), p. 288.

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  43. Compare, for example, Ravenel to Edward Tuckerman, August 25, 1865, Octavo Volume 9, Tuckerman Correspondence, AAS, and Childs, Private Journal, pp. 251–252.

  44. Ravenel Letter, 1881, p. 5.

  45. Haygood, “Ravenel,” pp. 263–265.

  46. Ravenel to William Gilson Farlow, January 5, 1882, Vol. III, Ravenel Letters, Farlow Reference Library, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.

  47. John Torrey to Ravenel, June 29, 1869, Papers of Henry William Ravenel, Special Collections, Robert Muldrow Cooper Library, Clemson University, Clemson, S.C.; Ravenel to Torrey, July 14, 1869, Torrey Correspondence, New York Botanical Garden Library, New York, N.Y.

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  1. Department of Radiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA

    Tamara Miner Haygood

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Haygood, T.M. Henry Ravenel (1814–1887): Views on evolution in social context. J Hist Biol 21, 457–472 (1988). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00144091

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