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Cycles of expansion in higher education 1870 – 1985: an international comparison

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Abstract

This article analyses the expansion of higher education between 1870 and 1985 in five countries (Germany, Italy, France, US, Japan). Two hypotheses are tested to explain the expansion: human capital theories and the theory of individual ‘status competition’ (Collins). The analysis concentrates on the interaction between the educational and the economic system, particularly during times of an economic crisis. Spectral analysis is used to explore the cyclical character of the expansion and the relationship between economic growth and the increasing enrollment rates in higher education. For most countries the data confirm the theory of ‘status competition’ (perverse effects): universities expand particularly fast during times of an economic recession (e.g., Great Depression, 1890–1900; World Economic Crisis, 1929–1935). The human capital theory is not confirmed by this longitudinal analysis. The article demonstrates that spectral analysis is a powerful instrument to analyse the causal relationship between two or more social systems over a long period of time.

Zusammenfassung

In diesem Aufsatz wird die Bildungsexpansion an den Universitäten zwischen 1870 und 1985 in fünf Ländern analysiert (Deutschland, Italien, Frankreich, USA und Japan). Zwei Hypothesen, die das Wachstum erklären, werden getestet: die Humankapital-Theorie und die Theorie der individuellen Statuskonkurrenz (Collins). Die Analyse konzentriert sich auf die Interaktion zwischen dem Bildungssystem und dem Wirtschaftssystem, insbesondere während einer ökonomischen Krise. Die Spektralanalyse wird als statistisches Verfahren benutzt, um den zyklischen Charakter der Expansion und die Beziehung zwischen Wirtschaftswachstum und Bildungsexpansion zuntersuchen. Für die meisten Länder wird die Theorie der Statuskonkurrenz bestätigt: die Universitäten wachsen besonders schnell während einer ökonomischen Krise (z.B. Groβe Depression, 1890–1900; Weltwirtschaftskrise, 1929–1935). Die Humankapital-Theorie wird durch die Längsschnitt-Untersuchung nicht bestätigt. Der Aufsatz zeigt, daβ die Spektralanalyse ein nützliches Instrument ist, um die kausale Beziehung zwischen zwei oder mehreren sozialen Systemen im Zeitablauf zu untersuchen.

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Windolf, P. Cycles of expansion in higher education 1870 – 1985: an international comparison. High Educ 23, 3–19 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00141141

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