References
Agassiz, Louis. 1857. Contributions to the Natural History of the United States of America. Vol. I. Boston: Little, Brown.
Anonymous. 1860. “Science: British Association.” Athenaeum, no. 1706, p. 26.
Aristotle. 1941. Historia Animalium. In The Basic Works of Aristotle, ed. Richard Mckeon. New York: Random House.
Blackwelder, R. E. 1964. “The Kingdoms of Living Things.” Syst. Zool., 13:74–75.
British Association for the Advancement of Science. 1861. Report of the Thirtieth Meeting, June–July, 1860. London: John Murray.
Bütschli, Otto. 1880–1882. Protozoa. Abt. I, “Sarkodina und Sporozoa.” In Klassen und Ordnung des Thier-Reichs, ed. H. G. Bronn, I, 1–616. Leipzig: C. F. Winter.
Cole, F. J. 1926. History of Protozoology. London: University of London Press.
Copeland, Herbert F. 1938. “The Kingdoms of Organisms.” Quart. Rev. Biol., 13:383–420.
1947. “Progress Report on Basic Classification.” Amer. Nat., 81:340–361.
1956. The Classification of Lower Organisms. Palo Alto: Pacific Books.
Corliss, John O. 1978. “A Salute to Fifty-four Great Microscopists of the Past: A Pictorial Footnote to the History of Protozoology. Part I.” Trans. Amer. Micros. Soc., 97:419–458.
1986. “Progress in Protistology during the First Decade following Reemergence of the Field as a Respectable Interdisciplinary Area in Modern Biological Research.” In Progress in Protistology, ed. J. O. Corliss and D. J. Patterson, I, 11–63. Bristol: Biopress.
Darwin, Charles Robert. 1859. On the Origin of Species by means of Natural Selection, or, The Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. 1st ed. London: John Murray.
de Beer, Gavin. 1985. “Owen, Sir Richard.” In The Encyclopaedia Britannica 15th ed., 9:23.
Desmond, Adrian. 1982. Archetypes and Ancestors. Palaeontology in Victorian London 1850–1875. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Dobell, C. Clifford. 1911. “The Principles of Protistology.” Arch. Protist., 23:269–310.
. 1932. Antony van Leeuwenhoek and His “Little Animals”. New York: Harcourt, Brace.
Dobzhansky, Theodosius; Ayala, Francisco J.; Stebbins, G. Ledyard; and Valentine, James W. 1977. Evolution. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman.
Dougherty, Ellsworth C. 1955. “Comparative Evolution and the Origin of Sexuality.” Syst. Zool., 4:145–169, 190.
G. G. 1937. “Hogg, John.” Dict. Nat. Biog., 9:997–998.
Grant, Verne. 1963. The Origin of Adaptations. New York: Columbia University Press.
Haeckel, Ernst. 1862. Die Radiolarien. 2 vols. Berlin: I. G. Reimer.
. 1866. Generelle Morphologie der Organismen. Allgemeine Grundzüge der organischen Formen-Wissenschaft, mechanisch begründet durch die von Charles Darwin reformirte Descendenz-Theorie. Vol. II. Berlin: Georg Reimer.
. 1878. Das Protistenreich. Leipzig: Ernst Günther.
. 1892. The History of Creation, or, The Development of the Earth and Its Inhabitants by the Action of Natural Causes. 4th ed. Trans. from 8th German ed. by E. Ray Lankester. New York: D. Appleton.
Heywood, Peter, and Rothschild, Lynn J. 1987. “Reconciliation of Evolution and Nomenclature among the Higher Taxa of Protists.” Biol. J. Linn. Soc., 30:91–98.
Hogg, John 1838. “On the Action of Light upon the Colour of the River Sponge.” Abst. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London, 4:72.
1860. “On the Distinctions of a Plant and an Animal, and on a Fourth Kingdom of Nature.” Edinburgh New Phil. J., n.s., 12:216–225.
Hutchinson, G. Evelyn. 1966. A Treatise on Limnology. Vol. II. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Hyman, Libbie Henrietta. 1940. The Invertebrate: Protozoa through Ctenophora. 1st ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Kent, W. Saville. 1880–1881. A Manual of the Infusoria: Including a Description of All Known Flagellate, Ciliate, and Tentaculiferous Protozoa, British and Foreign, and an Account of the Organization and Affinities of the Sponges. Vol. I. London: David Bogue.
Kudo, Richard R. 1931. Handbook of Protozoology. Springfield, Ill.: Charles C. Thomas.
1966. Protozoology. 6th ed. Springfield, Ill.: Charles C. Thomas.
Lake, James A. 1988. “Origin of the Eukaryotic Nucleus Determined by Rate-Invariant Analysis of rRNA Sequences.” Nature, 331:184–186.
Lamarck, Jean Baptiste. 1984. Zoological Philosophy. An Exposition with Regard to the Natural History of Animals. Trans. Hugh Elliot. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Leedale, Gordon F. 1974. “How Many are the Kingdoms of Organisms?” Taxon, 23:261–270.
MacLeod, Roy M. 1965. “Evolutionism and Richard Owen, 1830–1868: An Episode in Darwin's Century.” Isis, 56:259–280.
Margulis, Lynn. 1971. “Whittaker's Five Kingdoms of the Organisms: Minor Revisions Suggested by Consideration of the Origin of Mitosis.” Evolution, 25:242–245.
. 1974. “Five-Kingdom Classification and the Origin and Evolution of Cells.” Evol. Biol.7:45–78.
Minchin, E. A. 1912. Introduction to the Study of the Protozoa. London: Edward Arnold.
Moore Raymond C. 1954. “Kingdom of Organisms Named Protista.” J. Paleont., 28:588–598.
Owen, Richard. 1859. “Palaeontology.” In The Encyclopaedia Britannica, 8th ed., 17:91–176.
. 1860. Palaeontology, or, A Systematic Summary of Extinct Animals and Their Geological Relations. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black.
. 1861 Palaeontology, or, A Systematic Summary of Extinct Animals and Their Geological Relations. 2nd ed. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black.
Rothmaler, Werner. 1948. “Über das natürliche System der Organismen.” Biol. Zentralbl., 67:242–250.
Rothschild, Lynn J., and Heywood, Peter. 1988. “‘Protistan’ Nomenclature: Analysis and Refutation of Some Potential Objections.” BioSystems, 21:197–202.
Rothschild, Lynn J.; Ragan, Mark A.; Coleman, Annette W.; Heywood, Peter; and Gerbi, Susan A. 1986. “Are rRNA Sequence Comparisons the Rosetta Stone of Phylogenetics?” Cell, 47:640.
Siebold, C. Theodor von. 1845. “Bericht über die Leistungen in der Naturgeschichte der Würmer, Zoophyten und Protozoen während des Jahres 1843 und 1844.” Arch. Naturgesch., 11.2:256–296.
Siebold, C. Th. von, and Stannius, H. 1854. Comparative Anatomy. Trans. from 1848 German ed. by Waldo I. Burnett. Boston: Gould and Lincoln.
Smit, P. 1967. “Ernst Haeckel and His “Generelle Morphologie”: An Evaluation.” Janus, 54:236–252.
Stanier, R. Y., and van Niel, C. B. 1941. “The Main Outlines of Bacterial Classification.” J. Bacteriol., 42:437–466.
Whittaker, R. H. 1957. “The Kingdoms of the Living World.” Ecology, 38:536–538.
1959. “On the Broad Classification of Organisms.” Quart. Rev. Biol., 34:210–226.
1969. “New Concepts of Kingdoms of Organisms.” Science, 163:150–160.
Williams, Wesley C. 1971. “Owen, Richard.” Dict. Sci. Biog., 10:260–263.
Wilson, Thomas B., and Cassin, John. 1863. “On a Third Kingdom of Organized Beings.” Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 15:113–121.
Woese, Carl R. 1987. “Bacterial Evolution.” Microbiol. Rev., 51:221–271.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Rothschild, L.J. Protozoa, protista, protoctista: What's in a name?. J Hist Biol 22, 277–305 (1989). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00139515
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00139515