Abstract
There has been a great deal of research in recent years concerning the use of substantive policy analysis in public policy-making. This paper seeks to integrate those findings - e.g., the ‘enlightenment function’ of policy research - into a more general model of policy-making over periods of a decade or more. The conceptual framework focuses on the belief systems of advocacy coalitions within policy subsystems as the critical vehicle for understanding the role of policy analysis in policy-oriented learning and the effect, in turn, of such learning on changes in governmental programs.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abelson, Robert et al. (1968). Theories of Cognitive Consistency. Chicago: Rand McNally.
Ackerman, Bruce and Hassler, William (1981). Clean Coal Dirty Air. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press.
Ajzen, Icek and Fishbein, Martin (1980). Understanding Attitudes and Predicting Social Behavior. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.
Anton, Thomas (1980). Administered Politics. Boston: Martinas Nijhoff.
Argyris, Chris and Schon, Donald (1978). Organizational Learning. N.Y.: Wiley.
Ashford, Douglas (1981). Policy and Politics in Britain. Philadelphia: Temple Univ. Press.
Axelrod, Robert, ed. (1976). Structure of Decision. Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press.
Balbus, Isaac (1971). The Concept of Interest in Pluralist and Marxian Analysis, Politics and Society 1 (Feb.) 151–177.
Bell, Daniel (1960). The End of Ideology. New York: Free Press.
Berman, Paul (1978). ‘Macro- and Micro-Implementation,’ Public Policy 26 (Spring): 165–179.
Bernstein, Marver (1955). Regulating Business by Independent Commission. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Berry, Jeffrey (1977). Lobbying for the People. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Beyer, Janice and Trice, Harrison (1982). ‘The Utilization Process: A Conceptual Framework and Synthesis of Empirical Findings’, Administrative Science Quarterly 27 (December): 591–622.
Boffey, Philip (1975). The Brain Bank of America. N.Y.: McGraw-Hill.
Brewer, Garry (1973). Politicians, Bureaucrats, and the Consultant. N.Y.: Basic Books.
Brewer, Garry (1974). ‘The Policy Sciences Emerge,’ Policy Science 15 (Sept.): 239–244.
Brewer, Garry and de Leon, Peter (1983). Foundations of Policy Analysis. Homewood: Dorsey.
Brown, Anthony (1987). The Politics of Airline Deregulation. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press.
Browne, Eric (1970). Coalition Theories. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Browne, Eric and Dreijamis, John, eds. (1982). Government Coalitions in Western Democracies. London: Longmans.
Bulmer, Martin (1980). Social Research and Royal Commissions. London: Allen and Unwin.
Burnham, Walter Dean (1970). Critical Elections and the Mainsprings of American Politics. New York: Norton.
Buttel, Frederick and Flinn, William (1978). ‘The Politics of Environmental Concern,’ Environment and Behavior 10 (March): 17–36.
Cameron, James (1978). ‘Ideology and Policy Termination: Restructuring California's Mental Health System,’ in The Policy Cycle, ed. Judith May and Aaron Wildavsky (Beverly Hills: Sage), pp. 301–328.
Campbell, Donald (1977). ‘Reforms as Experiments,’ Readings in Evaluation Research, ed. by Francis Caro (N.Y.: Russell Sage), pp. 172–204.
Caplan, Nathan et al. (1975). The Use of Social Science Knowledge in Policy Decisions at the National Level. Ann Arbor: Institute for Social Research.
Cobb, Roger (1973). ‘The Belief Systems Perspective.’ Journal of Politics 35 (Feb.): 121–153.
Conover, Pamela J. and Feldman, Stanley (1984). ‘How People Organize the Political World: A Schematic Model,’ American Journal of Political Science 28 (February): 95–126.
Converse, Phillip (1964). ‘The Nature of Belief Systems in Mass Publics,’ in Ideology and Discontent, ed. David Apter. N.Y.: Free Press, pp. 206–261.
Cook, Brian J. (1988). Bureaucratic Politics and Regulatory Reform: The EPA and Emissions Trading. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press.
Dahl, Robert (1971). Polyarchy. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press.
Davies, J. Clarence (1970). The Politics of Pollution. N.Y.: Pegasus.
Davis, Charles and Davis, Sandra (1988). ‘Analyzing Change in Public Lands Policymaking: From Subsystems to Advocacy Coalitions’, Policy Studies Journal (forthcoming).
de Haven-Smith, Lance and C. Van Horn (1984). ‘Subgovernment Conflict in Public Policy’, Policy Studies Journal 12 (June): 627–642.
de Swann, Abram (1973). Coalition Theories and Cabinet Formations. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Derthick, Martha (1979). Policymaking for Social Security. Washington: Brookings.
Derthick, Martha and Quirk, Paul (1985). The Politics of Deregulation. Washington, D.C.: Brookings.
Dewey, John (1938). Logic: The Theory of Inquiry. N.Y.: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Dodd, Lawrence (1976). Coalitions in Parliamentary Governments. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Dodd, Lawrence and Schott, Richard (1979). Congress and the Administrative State. N.Y.: John Wiley.
Doggan, Mattei (1975). The Mandarins of Western Europe. New York: Wiley.
Downing, Paul (1984). Environmental Economics and Policy. Boston: Little, Brown & Co.
Dunleavy, Michael (1981). The Politics of Mass Housing in Britain, 1945–75. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Dunn, William (1980). ‘The Two-Communities Metaphor and Models of Knowledge Use,’ Knowledge 1 (June): 515–536.
Dunn, William (1982). ‘The Theory of Exceptional Clinicians,’ Paper presented at the Conference on the Production of Useful Knowledge, University of Pittsburgh, Oct. 28–30, 1982.
Easton, David (1965). A Systems Analysis of Political Life. N.Y: Wiley.
Elmore, Richard (1979). ‘Backward Mapping,’ Political Science Quarterly 94 (Winter): 601–616.
Etheredge, Lloyd (1981). ‘Political Learning,’ in Handbook of Political Psychology, ed. by S. Long. N.Y: Plenum.
Etheredge, Lloyd (1985). Can Governments Learn? Amercan Foreign Policy and Central American Relations. New York: Pergamon Press.
Farkas, Suzanne (1971). Urban Lobbying. New York: New York Univ. Press.
Festinger, Leon (1957). A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. Evanston: Row, Peterson.
Fiske, Susan and Taylor, Shelley (1984). Social Cognition. Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley.
Foley, Henry (1975). Community Mental Health Legislation. Lexington, Mass.: D.C. Heath.
Franklin, Mark and Mackie, Thomas (1984). ‘Reassessing the Importance of Size and Ideology for the Formation of Governing Coalitions in Parliamentary Democracies,’ American Journal of Political Science 28 (November): 671–692.
Freedman, P. E. and Freedman, Anne (1981). ‘Political Learning,’ in The Handbook of Political Behavior ed. Samuel Long. New York: Plenum, pp. 255–304.
Fritschler, A. Lee (1975). Smoking and Politics, 2d ed. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.
George, Alexander (1969). ‘The Operational Code,’ International Studies Quarterly 13 (June): 110–222.
Goodwin, Leonard and Moen, Phyllis (1981). ‘The Evolution and Implementation of Federal Welfare Policy,’ in Effective Policy Implementation, ed. D. Mazmanian and P. Sabatier. (Lexington: Heath), pp. 147–168.
Gormley, William (1986). ‘Regulatory Issue Networks in a Federal System’, Polity (Summer): 595–620.
Greenberger, Martin et al. (1983). Caught Unawares. Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger.
Greenwald, Anthony and Ronis, David (1978). ‘Twenty Years of Cognitive Dissonance: Case Study of the Evolution of a Theory,’ Psychological Review 85 (No. 1): 53–57.
Griffith, Ernest (1961). Congress: Its Contemporary Role, 3d ed., N.Y.: New York Univ. Press.
Hagevik, George (1970). Decision-Making in Air Pollution Control. New York: Praeger.
Hamm, Keith (1983). ‘Patterns of Influence among Committees, Agencies and Interest Groups,’ Legislative Studies Quarterly 8 (August): 379–426.
Hanson, Norwood (1969). Patterns of Discovery. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hart, Jeffrey (1976). ‘Comparative Cognition: Politics of International Control of the Oceans,’ in Structure of Decision, ed. R. Axelrod. Princeton: Princeton University Press, Chap. 8.
Heclo, Hugh (1974). Social Policy in Britain and Sweden. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press.
Heclo, Hugh (1978). ‘Issue Networks and the Executive Establishment,’ in The New American Political System, ed. A. King. Washington: AEI.
Hibbs, Douglas and Fassbender, H., eds. (1981). Contemporary Political Economy. Amsterdam: North Holland.
Hinckley, Barbara (1981). Coalitions and Polities. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich.
Hjern, Benny and Porter, David (1981). ‘Implementation Structures,’ Organization Studies 2: 211–227.
Hofferbert, Richard (1974). The Study of Public Policy. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill.
Hogwood, Brian and Peters, B. Guy (1983). Policy Dynamics. N.Y.: St. Martins.
Inan, Michele (1979). ‘Savior of the Cities — Would You Believe, Howard Jarvis?’ California Journal 10 (April): 138–139.
Ingram, Helen (1977). ‘Policy Implementation through Bargaining: Federal Grants in Aid,’ Public Story 25 (Fall):
Ingram, Helen (1978). ‘The Political Rationality of Innovation: The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1970,’ in Approaches to Controlling Air Pollution, ed. by Ann Friedlaender. Cambridge: MIT Press, pp. 12–67.
Innis, J. M. (1978). ‘Selective Exposure as a Function of Dogmatism and Incentive,’ Journal of Social Psychology 106: 261–265.
Janis, Irving (1983). Groupthink, 2nd ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Jenkins-Smith, Hank (1985). ‘Adversarial Analysis in the Bureaucratic Context,’ in Advocacy Analysis, ed. Peter Brown. Baltimore: University of Maryland Press.
Jenkins-Smith, Hank and Sabatier, Paul (1987). ‘The Use of Content Analysis to Examine Changes in Elite Beliefs and Public Policy over Time’, Paper submitted to the American Journal of Political Science.
Jenkins-Smith, Hank and St. Clair, Gilbert (1988). ‘Analysis of Change in Elite Policy Beliefs within Subsystems.’ Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Western Political Science Assn., San Francisco.
Jordan, A. G. and Richardson, J. J. (1983). ‘Policy Communities: The British and European Style,’ Policy Studies Journal 11 (June): 603–615.
Kahneman, Daniel, Slovic, Paul and Tversky, Amos (1982). Judgment Under Uncertainty. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.
Katzenbach, Edward (1958). ‘The Horse Calvary in the Twentieth Century,’ Public Policy 8: 120–149.
Kaufmann, Herbert (1971). The Limits of Organizational Change. University, Ala.: University of Alabama Press.
Kingdon, John (1984). Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies. Boston: Little, Brown.
Kirst, Michael and Jung, Richard (1982).The Utility of a Longitudinal Approach in Assessing Implementation: Title I, ESEA,’ in Studying Implementation, by Walter Williams. Chatham, N. J.: Chatham House, pp. 119–148.
Kiser, Larry and Ostrom, Elinor (1982). ‘The Three Worlds of Action,’ in Strategies of Political Inquiry, ed. E. Ostrom. Beverly Hills: Sage, pp. 179–222.
Kneese, Allen and Bower, Blair (1968). Water Quality Management. Baltimore: John Hopkins.
Knoepfel, Peter and Wiedner, Helmut (1982). ‘A Conceptual Framework for Studying Implementation,’ in The Implementation of Pollution Control Programs, ed. by Paul Downing and Kenneth Hanf. Tallahassee: Policy Sciences Program.
Krasnow, Erwin, Lawrence Longley, and Herbert Terry (1982). The Politics of Broadcast Regulation, 3rd. ed. N.Y.: St. Martin's.
Krier, James and Ursin, Edmund (1977). Pollution and Policy. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Lakatos, Imre (1971). ‘History of Science and Its Rational Reconstruction,’ Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 8: 42–134.
Lester, James and Hamilton, Michael (1987). ‘Intergovernmental Relations and Marine Policy Change,’ in Ocean Resources and U.S. Intergovernmental Relations in the 1980s, ed. by Maynard Silva. Boulder: Westview Press, pp. 197–220.
Lindblom, Charles and Cohen, David (1979). Usable Knowledge. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Liroff, Richard (1986). Reforming Air Pollution Regulation: The Toil and Trouble of EPA's Bubble. Washington, D.C.: Conservation Foundation.
Majone, Giandomenico (1980). ‘Policies as Theories,’ Omega 8:151–162.
March, James and Simon, Herbert (1958). Organizations. N.Y.: Wiley.
Margolis, Howard (1974). Technical Advice on Policy Issues, Sage Professional Paper on Administrative and Policy Studies (Beverly Hills: Sage).
Marmor, Theodore (1970). The Politics of Medicare. Chicago: Aldine.
Mazmanian, Daniel and Nienaber, Jeanne (1979). Can Organizations Change? Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution.
Mazmanian, Daniel and Sabatier, Paul, eds. (1981). Effective Policy Implementation. Lexington, Mass.: D.C. Heath.
Mazmanian, Daniel and Sabatier, Paul (1983). Implementation and Public Policy. Chicago: Scott Foresman.
Mazur, Allan (1981). The Dynamics of Technical Controversy. Washington, D.C.: Communication Press.
McGuire, William (1968). ‘Theory of the Structure of Human Thought,’ in Theories of Cognitive Consistency ed. R. Abelson et al., Chicago: Rand McNally, pp. 148–162.
McPhee, John (1971). Encounters with the Archdruid. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux.
Meier, Kenneth (1987). Politics and the Bureaucracy, 2d ed. Monterey, CA.: Brooks/Cole.
Meltsner, Arnold (1976). Policy Analysts in the Bureaucrcy. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Milward, H. Brinton and Wamsley, Gary (1984). ‘Policy Subsystems, Networks, and the Tools of Public Management,’ Public Policy Formation and Implementation, ed. by Robert Eyestone. N.Y.: JAI Press, Chap. 1.
Nadel, Mark (1971). The Politics of Consumer Protection. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill.
Nelkin, Dorothy (1979). Controversy: Politics of Technical Decisions. Beverly Hills: Sage.
Nelson, Robert (1987). ‘The Economics Profession and the Making of Public Policy,’ Journal of Economic Literature 25 (March): 42–84.
Newell, Allen and Simon, Herbert (1972).Human Problem Solving. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.
Nisbett, Richard and Ross, Lee (1980). Human Inference: Strategies and Shortcomings of Social Judgment. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall.
Okun, Arthur (1975). Equality and Efficiency: The Big Tradeoff. Washington, D.C.: Brookings.
Ostrom, Elinor (1982). ‘Institutional Arrangements and Learning,’ Paper delivered at the ZIF, University of Bielefeld, 20 July.
Ostrom, Elinor (1986). ‘Institutional Arrangements for Managing the Commons Dilemma,’ in Bonnie McCay and Janis Acheson, eds., Capturing the Commons. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
Ostrom, Vincent (1982). ‘European Public Administration,’ Paper presented at the European Institute of Public Administration, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
Ostrom, Vincent, Tiebout, Charles, and Warren, Robert (1961). ‘The Organization of Government in Mertropolitan Areas,’ American Pol. Sci. Review 55 (Dec.): 831–842.
Peffley, Mark and Hurwitz, Jon (1985). ‘A Hierarchical Model of Attitude Constraint,’ American Journal of Political Science 29 (November): 871–890.
Petty, Richard and Cacioppo, John (1981). Attitudes and Persuasion Dubuque: Wm. C. Brown.
Pierce, Roy and Rochon, Thomas (1984). ‘Attitudinal Change and Elite Conversion: French Socialist Candidates in 1967 and 1978,’ American Journal of Political Science 28 (May): 379–398.
Popper, Karl (1959). The Logic of Scientific Discovery. London: Hutchinson.
Premfors, Rune (1983). ‘Governmental Commissions in Sweden,’ American Behavioral Scientist 26 (May/June): 623–642.
Pressman, Jeffrey and Wildavsky, Aaron (1973). Implementation. Berkely: Univ. of California Press.
Primack, Joel and Von Hippel, Frank (1974). Advice and Dissent. N.Y.: New American.
Putnam, Robert (1973). The Beliefs of Politicians. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Putnam, Robert (1976). The Comparative Study of Political Elites. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.
Quirk, Paul (1981). Industry Influence in Federal Regulatory Agencies. Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press.
Rajecki, D. W. (1982). Attitudes: Themes and Advances. Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer.
Rein, Martin and White, Seldon (1977). ‘Policy Research: Belief and Doubt,’ Policy Analysis 3 (Spring): 239–271.
Rich, Robert ed. (1981). The Knowledge Cycle. Beverly Hills: Sage.
Riker, William (1962). The Theory of Political Coalitions. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Ripley, Randall and Franklin, Grace (1982). Bureaucracy and Policy Implementation. Homewood, Ill.: Dorsey Press.
Robinson, John B. (1982). ‘Apples and Horned Toads: On the Framework-Determined Nature of the Energy Debate.’ Policy Sciences 15: 23–45.
Rokeach, Milton (1973). The Nature of Human Values. New York: MacMillan.
Rokkan, Stein (1970). Citizens, Elections, and Parties. Oslo: Universitaetsforlaget.
Sabatier, Paul (1975). ‘Social Movements and Regulatory Agencies’ Political Science 6 (Sept.): 301–342.
Sabatier, Paul (1978). ‘The Acquisition and Utilization of Technical Information by Administrative Agencies.’ Administrative Science Quarterly 23 (Sept.): 386–411.
Sabatier, Paul (1986). ‘Top-Down and Bottom-Up Models of Policy Implementation: A Critical Analysis and Suggested Synthesis,’ Journal of Public Policy 6 (January): 21–48.
Sabatier, Paul and Hunter, Susan (1988). ‘The Incorporation of Causal Perceptions into Models of Elite Belief Systems’, Paper submitted to the Western Political Quarterly.
Sabatier, Paul and Pelkey, Neil (1987). ‘Incorporating Multiple Actors and Guidance Instruments into Models of Regulatory Policy-Making: An Advocacy Coalition Framework,’ Administration and Society 19 (Sept.): 236–263.
Sabatier, Paul, Susan Hunter, and Susan McLaughlin (1987). ‘The Devil Shift: Perceptions and Misperceptions of Opponents.’ Western Political Quarterly 41 (Sept.): 449–476.
Scharpf, Fritz (1982). ‘The Political Economy of Inflation and Unemployment in Western Europe: An Outline,’ Discussion Paper 81–21 (Berlin: International Institute of Management).
Schattschneider, E. E. (1960). The Semi-Sovereign People. N.Y.: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Schiff, Ashley (1962). Fire and Water: Scientific Heresy in the Forest Service. Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press.
Schultze, Charles (1977). The Public Use of Private Interest. Washington, D.C.: Brookings.
Sharpe, L. J. (1984). ‘National and Subnational Government and Coordination,’ in Guidance, Control and Evaluation in the Public Sector, ed. F. X. Kaufmann, V. Ostrom and G. Majone (Berlin: de Gruyter).
Simon, Herbert (1955). ‘A Behavioral Model of Rational Choice,’ Quarterly Journal of Economics 69: 99–118.
Simon, Herbert (1979). Models of Thought. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press.
Smith, Don (1968). ‘Cognitive Consistency and the Perception of Others' Opinions,’ Public Opinion Quarterly 32: 1–15.
Steinbruner, John (1974). The Cybernetic Theory of Decision. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Taylor, Michael and Laver, Michael (1973). ‘Government Coalitions in Western Europe,’ European Journal of Political Research. 1 (September): 205–248.
Taylor, Serge (1984). Making Bureaucracies Think. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Tesser, Abraham (1987). ‘Self-Generated Attitude Change,’ Advances in Experimental Social-Psychology 11: 289–338.
Truman, David (1951). The Governmental Process. New York: Alfred Knopf.
Vig, Norman and Kraft, Michael, eds. (1984). Environmental Policy in the 1980s. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press.
Wamsley, Gary (1983). ‘Policy Subsystems as a Unit of Analysis in Implementation Studies,’ Paper presented at Erasmus University, Rotterdam, June.
Warwick, Paul (1979). ‘The Durability of Coalition Governments in Parliamentary Democracies,’ Comparative Political Studies 11 (January): 465–498.
Webber, David (1983). ‘Obstacles to the Utilization of Systematic Policy Analysis,’ Knowledge 4 (June): 534–560.
Weinberg, Alvin (1972). ‘Science and Trans-Science,’ Minerva 10 (April): 209–222.
Weiss, Carol (1977a). Using Social Research in Public Policy Making. Lexington: D.C. Heath.
Weiss, Carol (1977b). ‘Research for Policy's Sake: The Enlightment Function of Social Research,’ Policy Analysis 3 (Fall): 531–545.
Wicklund, Robert and Brehm, Jack (1976). Perspectives on Cognitive Dissonance. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Assoc.
Wildavsky, Aaron (1979). Speaking Truth to Power. Boston: Little, Brown.
Wildavsky, Aaron and Tenenbaum, Ellen (1981). The Politics of Mistrust. Beverley Hills, Sage.
Wilker, Harry and Milbrath, Lester (1972). ‘Political Belief Systems and Political Behaviour,’ in Political Attitudes and Public Opinion, ed. D. Nimmo and C. Bonjean. N.Y.: David McKay, pp. 41–57.
Wilson, James Q. (1973). Political Organizations. New York: Basic Books.
Wittrock, Bjorn (1983). ‘Planning, Pluralism, and Policy Intellectuals,’ in Researchers and Policy-Makers in Education, ed. T. Husen and M. Kogan Oxford: Pergamon.
Zariski, Raphael (1984). ‘Coalition Formation in the Italian Regions,’ Comparative Politics 16 (July): 403–420.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Sabatier, P.A. An advocacy coalition framework of policy change and the role of policy-oriented learning therein. Policy Sci 21, 129–168 (1988). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00136406
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00136406