Conclusion
“The difficulty of discussion between people brought up in different frameworks is to be admitted,” Karl Popper writes. “But nothing is more fruitful than such a discussion; than the culture clash which has stimulated some of the greatest intellectual revolutions.”71 Certainly Kirby and Darwin were brought up in different cultures — Kirby with his Anglican-Tory orientation, Darwin with his Whig-liberal background — and certainly the clash generated some interesting theories; but it also resulted in the revival of Lamarck's discredited habit theory, which took another century of careful experimentation to weed out.
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Francis Darwin, ed., More Letters of Charles Darwin (New York: D. Appleton, 1903), I, 153.
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G. Grinnell, The Darwin Case: A Computer Analysis of Scientific Creativity (Ann Arbor, Michigan: University Microfilms, 1969), graphs 7, 8, 9, following p. 37.
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Origin (London: John Murray, 1859), facing title page. For more on Darwin's relation to Anglican natural theology see Neal Gillespie, Charles Darwin and the Problem of Creation (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979); Dov Ospovat, The Development of Darwin's Theory: Natural History, Natural Theology, and Natural Selection, 1838–59 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981); Edward Manier, The Young Darwin and His Cultural Circle (Dordrecht, Holland: D. Reidel, 1978); Peter J. Bowler, “Darwinism and the Argument from Design,” J. Hist. Biol., 10 (1977), 29–43; and esp. Robert J. Richards, “Instinct and Intelligence in British Natural Theology: Some Contributions to Darwin's Theory of the Evolution of Behavior,” J. Hist. Biol., 14 (1981), 193–230.
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Ibid. Compare Darwin's reaction to Malthus with his reaction to Kirby (B, 147–148): “If population was increasing... At present day in looking at two fine families one will [have] successors for centuries, the other will become extinct. — Who can analyse cause... May this not be extended to all animals.”
E, 63–64. For more on the Darwin-Malthus relationship see Gertrude Himmelfarb, Darwin and the Darwinian Revolution (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1962): “As surely as Marx stood Hegel on his head, so Darwin did to Malthus” (p. 163). Also Frank N. Egerton, “Studies of Animal Populations from Lamarck to Darwin,” J. Hist. Biol., 1 (1968), 225–259; idem, “Humboldt, Darwin, and Population,” J. Hist. Biol., 3 (1970), 325–360; Peter J. Vorzimmer, “Darwin, Malthus, and the Theory of Natural Selection,” J. Hist. Ideas, 30 (1969), 527–542; Robert M. Young, “Malthus and the Evolutionists: The Common Context of Biological and Social Theory,” Past and Present, 43 (1969), 109–145; Schweber, “Origin Revisited.”
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James Grinnell, G. The rise and fall of Darwin's second theory. J Hist Biol 18, 51–70 (1985). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00127957
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00127957