A superconductor in a thermal gradient assumes a steady state with counterflowing super and normal currents. A quasiparticle transport theory is presented for this current, and the resulting nonequilibrium quasiparticle distribution function is used to discuss NIS tunneling. For zero tunneling current, we derive a bias voltage which is quadratic in ▽ T and which is of roughly the same magnitude as the linear effect recently measured by Falco.
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Work performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy.
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Sacks, R.A. Tunneling potentials associated with thermoelectric quasiparticle transport in superconductors. J Low Temp Phys 34, 393–407 (1979). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00117159
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00117159