Skip to main content
Log in

Unscheduled DNA synthesis: Some statistical thoughts

  • Published:
Cell Biology and Toxicology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Statistical interpretation of results of experiments involving unscheduled DNA synthesis is examined from a design standpoint. Most appropriate methods currently in use are evaluated and some modifications and extensions are suggested. Concerns about replication and/or interaction errors are evaluated and methods for their appropriate handling are discussed. It is suggested that methods incorporating both dose-response and heterogeneity statistics should be considered in treating results from unscheduled DNA synthesis experiments. Proper designs for such experiments are emphasized.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

ANOVA:

analysis of variance

MSE:

mean square error

UDS:

unscheduled DNA synthesis

References

  • ATAGE, P. (1955). Tests for linear trends in proportions and frequencies. Biometrics 11:375–386.

    Google Scholar 

  • BMDP Statistical Software (1983). University of California Press, Los Angeles.

  • BUDROE, J.D., SHADDOCK, J.G. and CASCIANO, D.A. (1984). A study of the potential genotoxicity of methapyrilene and related antihistamines using the hepatocyte/DNA repair assay. Mutation Res. 135:131–137.

    Google Scholar 

  • CASAGRANDE, J.T., PIKE, M.C. and SMITH, P.G. (1978). The power function of the “exact” test for comparing two binomial distributions. Appl. Statist. 27:176–180.

    Google Scholar 

  • CASAGRANDE, J.T., PIKE, M.C. and SMITH, P.G. (1981). Algorithm AS129: The power function of the “exact” test for comparing two binomial distributions. Appl. Statist. 27:212–219. [Errata (1980): Appl. Statist. 29:118; Appl. Statist. (1981) 30:108.]

    Google Scholar 

  • CASCIANO, D.A. (1979). Use of isolated rodent hepatocytes to evaluate potential premutagens and precarcinogens. In: Mammalian Cell Mutagenesis: The Maturation of Test Systems, Banbury Report No. 2 (A.W. Hsie, J.P. O'Neil, and V.R. McElheny, eds.), pp. 125–131. Cold Spring Harbor, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • CASCIANO, D.A. and GAYLOR, D.W. (1983). Statistical criteria for evaluating chemicals as positive or negative in the hepatocyte/DNA repair assay. Mutation Res. 122:81–86.

    Google Scholar 

  • COCHRAN, W.G. (1954). Some methods for strengthening the common X 2 tests. Biometrics 10:417–451.

    Google Scholar 

  • COHEN, J. (1977). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • CONOVER, W.J. and IMAN, R.L. (1981). Rank transformations as a bridge between parametric and nonparametric statistics. American Statist. 35:124–129.

    Google Scholar 

  • COC, D.R. (1970). Analysis of Binary Data. Chapman and Hall, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • DIXON, W.J. and MASSEY, F.J., Jr. (1969). Introduction to Statistical Analysis, pp. 114–119, 3rd Ed. McGraw-Hill, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • DUNLAP, W.P. (1982). An interactive FORTRAN IV program for calculating aspects of power with dichotomous data. Behav. Res. Meth. Instr. 14:422–424.

    Google Scholar 

  • DUNLAP, W. P., MARX, M.S. and AGAMY, G.J. (1981). FORTRAN functions for calculating probabilities associated with Dunnett's test. Behav. Res. Meth. Instr. 13:363–366.

    Google Scholar 

  • DUNNETT, C. W. (1955). A multiple comparison procedure for comparing several treatments with a control. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 50:1096–1121.

    Google Scholar 

  • DUNNETT, C.W. (1964). New tables for multiple comparisons with a control. Biometrics 20:482–491.

    Google Scholar 

  • DYKE, G.V. and PATTERSON, H.D. (1952). Analysis of factorial arrangements when the data are proportions. Biometrics 8:1–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • EVERITT, B.S. (1977). The Analysis of Contingency Tables, pp. 80–107. Chapman and Hall, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • HOLLANDER, M. and WOLFE, D.A. (1973). Nonparametric Statistical Methods, pp. 219–228; 68–74. Wiley-Interscience, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • MICHALOPOULOS, G., SATTLER, G.L., O'CONNOR, L. and PITOT, H.C. (1978). Unscheduled DNA synthesis induced by procarcinogens in suspensions and primary cultures of hepatocytes on collagen membranes. Cancer Res. 38:1966–1971.

    Google Scholar 

  • MILLER, R.G., Jr. (1981). Simultaneous Statistical Inference, pp. 76–81, 2nd Ed. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg.

    Google Scholar 

  • MITCHELL, A.D., CASCIANO, D.A., MELTZ, M.L., ROBINSON, D.E., SAN, R.H.C., WILLIAMS, G.M. and VON HALLE, E.S. (1983). Unscheduled DNA synthesis tests: A report of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Gene-Tox Program. Mutation Res. 123:363–410.

    Google Scholar 

  • NATER, J. and WASSERMAN, W. (1974). Applied Linear Statistical Models, pp. 480–482. Irwin, Homewood, Illinois.

    Google Scholar 

  • PROBST, G.S., McMAHON, R.E., HILL, E.E., THOMPSON, C.Z., EPP, J.K. and NEAL,S.B. (1981). Chemically-induced unscheduled DNA synthesis in primary rat hepatocyte cultures: A comparison with bacterial mutagenicity using 218 compounds. Environ. Mutagen. 3:11–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • SAS (1983). SAS Institute Inc., Raleigh, North Carolina.

  • THAKUR, A.K. (1984). A FORTRAN program to perform the nonparametric TerpstraJonckheere test. Comput. Progr. Biomed. 18:235–240.

    Google Scholar 

  • THAKUR, A. K. (1985). Tests of homogeneity and trend with medians. Environ. Mutagen. 7 (suppl. 4):23–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • THAKUR, A.K., BERRY, K.J. and MIELKE, P.W., Jr. (1985). A FORTRAN program for testing trend and homogeneity in proportions. Comput. Progr. Biomed. 19:229–233.

    Google Scholar 

  • WESLEY, R. and WESLEY, M. (1982). A program to compute power of Fisher test at interim point in a clinical trial. Comput. Progr. Biomed. 14:67–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • WILLIAMS, G.M. (1976). Carcinogen-induced repair in primary rat liver cell cultures; a possible screen for chemical carcinogens. Cancer Lett. 1:231–236.

    Google Scholar 

  • WILLIAMS, G.M. (1977). Detection of chemical carcinogens by unscheduled DNA synthesis in rat liver primary cell cultures. Cancer Res. 37:1845–1851.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Thakur, A.K. Unscheduled DNA synthesis: Some statistical thoughts. Cell Biol Toxicol 3, 175–192 (1987). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00058455

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00058455

Key words

Navigation