References
N. P. Bhatia and G. P. Szegö:Stability Theory of Dynamical Systems. Grundlehren math. Wissensch. 161. Berlin-Heidelberg-New York: Springer. 1970.
R. Bowen: ω-limit sets for Axiom A diffeomorphisms, J. Diff. Equ.18, 333–339 (1975).
G. Butler, H. I. Freedman and P. Waltman: Uniformly persistent systems. Proc. Amer. Math. Soc.96, 425–430 (1986).
G. Butler, P. Waltman: Persistence in dynamical systems. J. Diff. Equ.63, 255–263 (1986).
C. Conley:Isolated invariant sets and the Morse index. CBMS 38. Providence, R.I.: Amer. Math. Soc. 1978.
A. Fonda: Uniformly persistent semi-dynamical systems. Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. To appear.
H. I. Freedman and J. W.-H. So: Persistence in discrete semi-dynamical systems. Preprint (1987).
H. I. Freedman and P. Waltman: Mathematical analysis of some three-species food-chain models. Math. Biosci.33, 257–276 (1977).
T. C. Gard and T. G. Hallam: Persistence of food webs: I. Lotka-Volterra food chains. Bull. Math. Biol.41, 877–891 (1979).
B. M. Garay: Uniform persistence and chain recurrence. J. Math. Anal. Appl. To appear.
J. Hofbauer: A general cooperation theorem for hypercycles. Monatsh. Math.91: 233–240 (1981).
J. Hofbauer: Heteroclinic cycles on the simplex. Proc. Int. Conf. Nonlinear Oscillations. Budapest 1987.
J. Hofbauer and K. Sigmund: Permanence for replicator equations. In:Dynamical Systems. Ed. A. B. Kurzhansky and K. Sigmund. Springer Lect. Notes Econ. Math. Systems287. 1987.
J. Hofbauer and K. Sigmund:Dynamical Systems and the Theory of Evolution. Cambridge Univ. Press 1988.
V. Hutson: A theorem on average Ljapunov functions. Monatsh. Math.98, 267–275 (1984).
W. Jansen: A permanence theorem for replicator and Lotka-Volterra systems. J. Math. Biol.25, 411–422 (1987).
G. Kirlinger:Permanence of some four-species Lotka-Volterra systems. Dissertation. Universität Wien. 1987.
C. Robinson: Stability theorems and hyperbolicity in dynamical systems. Rocky Mountain J. Math.7, 425–434 (1977).
P. Schuster, K. Sigmund and R. Wolff: Dynamical systems under constant organization. III. Cooperative and competitive behaviour of hypercycles. J. Diff. Equ.32, 357–368 (1979).
T. Ura and I. Kimura: Sur le courant exterieur a une region invariante. Theoreme de Bendixson. Comm. Math. Univ. Sanctii Pauli8, 23–39 (1960).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hofbauer, J. A unified approach to persistence. Acta Appl Math 14, 11–22 (1989). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00046670
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00046670