References
Cardenas, A. & A. Markovits, 1986. Mixing and power characteristics of a mixing board device in shallow ponds. Appl. Phycol. Forum 2(3): 1–4.
Cohen, Z., 1986. Products from microalgae. In A. Richmond (ed.), Microalgal Mass Culture. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL: 421–454.
Collins, C. D. & C. W. Boylen, 1982. Physiological responses of Anabaena variabilis to instantaneous exposure to various combinations of light intensity and temperature. J. Phycol. 18: 206–211.
Goldman, J. C., 1979. Outdoor algal mass cultures. II. Photosynthetic yield limitations. Water Res. 13: 119–160.
Grobbellar, J. U. & C. J. Soeder, 1985. Respiration losses in planktonic green algae cultivated in raceway ponds. J. Plankton Res. 7: 497–506.
Harris, G. P. & B. B. Piccinin, 1983. Phosphorus limitation and carbon metabolism in a unicellular alga: interactions between growth rate and the measurement of net and gross photosynthesis. J. Physiol. 19: 185–192.
Heatherly, M., 1986. Kirkland company to test cyanotech product. J. Am. Business, June 11.
Lee, Y. K. & S. J. Pirt, 1981. Energetics of photosynthetic algal growth: Influence of intermittent illumination in short (40 s) cycles. J. gen. Microbiol. 124: 43–52.
Lee, Y. K., H. M. Tan & C. S. Hew, 1985. The effect of growth temperature on the bioenergetics of photosynthetic algal cultures. Biotech. Bioeng. 27: 555–561.
Lee, Y. K., 1986. Enclosed bioreactors for the mass cultivation of photosynthetic microorganisms: the future trend. Trends Biotech. 4: 186–189.
Pirt, S. J., Y. K. Lee, A. Richmond & M. W. Pirt, 1980. The photosynthetic efficiency of Chlorella biomass growth with reference to solar energy utilization. J. chem. Tech. Biotechnol. 30: 25–34.
Pirt, S. J., Y. K. Lee, M. R. Walach, M. W. Pirt, H. H. M. Balyuzi & M. J. Bazin, 1983. A tubular bioreactor for photosynthetic production of biomass from carbon dioxide: design and performance. J. chem. Tech. Biotechnol. 33B: 35–58.
Pirt, S. J., 1986. Tansley review no. 4. The thermodynamic efficiency (quantum demand) and dynamics of photosynthetic growth. New Phytol. 102: 3–37.
Richmond, A. & A. Vonshak, 1978. Spirulina culture in Israel. Arch. Hydrobiol. Beih. Erg. Limnol. 11: 274–279.
Richmond, A., 1983. Phototrophic microalgae. In H. J. Rehm & G. Reed (eds), Biotechnology. Verlag Chemie, Weinheim 3: 109–143.
Richmond, A., 1986. Outdoor mass cultures of microalgae. In A. Richmond (ed.), Microalgal Mass Culture. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL: 285–330.
Richmond, A. & J. U. Grobbelaar, 1986. Factors affecting the output rate of Spirulina platensis with reference to mass cultivation. Biomass (in press).
Schlender, B. R., 1986. New uses for algae improve image of a lowly plant group. Wall St. J. (25 July): 25.
Soeder, C. J., 1981. Types of algal ponds. In J. U. Grobbelaar, C. J. Soeder & D. F. Toerien (eds), Wastewater for aquaculture. Univ. Orange Free State Pub. Ser. C, Bloemfontein, S. Africa 3: 131–135.
Vonshak, A., A. Abeliovich, S. Boussiba & A. Richmond, 1982. Production of Spirulina biomass: effects of environmental factors and population density. Biomass 2: 175–179.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Richmond, A. The challenge confronting industrial microagriculture: high photosynthetic efficiency in large-scale reactors. Hydrobiologia 151, 117–121 (1987). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00046116
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00046116