Abstract
Differential profiles are used to describe a pattern of vegetation change across the boundary between annual grassland and coastal sage scrub in southern California. Several techniques for deriving differential profiles are compared; profiles derived from multivariate ordination are found to be most informative. Quantitative description of the vegetation boundaries by differential profiles permitted their classification into two categories of abrupt boundaries and three categories of gradual transitions. Differences between these boundary types appear to be the result of differences in soil texture and compaction, degree of disturbance, and spatial distribution of disturbance.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Axelrod, D. I., 1978. The origin of coastal sage vegetation, Alta and Baja California. American J. of Botany 65: 1117–1131.
Barry, W. J., 1972. The central valley prairie, Vol. I: California prairie ecosystem. California Department of Parks and Recreation, Sacramento.
Beals, E. W., 1969. Vegetational change along altitudinal gradients. Science 165: 981–985.
Biswell, H. H., 1956. Ecology of California grasslands. J. Range Mgt. 9: 19–24.
Bray, J. R. & Curtis, J. T., 1957. An ordination of the upland forest communities of southern Wisconsin. Ecol. Monogr. 27: 325–349.
Burcham, L. T., 1957. California range land: an historicoecological study of the range resource of California. State of California, Department of Natural Resources, Division of Forestry, Sacramento.
Davidson, E. D. & Barbour, M. G., 1977. Germination, establishment, and demography of coastal bush lupine (Lupinus arboreus) at Bodega Head, California. Ecol. 58: 592–600.
Dodge, J. M., 1975. Vegetational changes associated with land use and fire history in San Diego County. Dissertation, University of California, Riverside.
Elliot, H. W.III & Wehausen, J. D., 1974. Vegetational succession on coastal rangeland of Point Reyes Peninsula. Madroño 22: 231–238.
Fresco, L. F. M., 1972. A direct quantitative analysis of vegetational boundaries and gradients. In: E. van der Maarel & R. Tüxen (eds.): Grundfragen und Methoden in der Pflanzensoziologie, Ber. Intern. Symp. Rinteln 1970, pp. 99–111. Den Haag.
Fritts, H. C., 1976. Tree rings and climate. Academic Press, New York.
Gauch, H. G.Jr., 1982. Multivariate analysis in community ecology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 298 pp.
Greig-Smith, P., 1957. Quantitative plant ecology. Butterworth Scientific Publications, London. 219 pp.
Heady, H. F., 1977. Valley grassland. In: M. G., Barbour & J., Major (eds.): Terrestrial vegetation of California, p. 491–514. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
Hill, M. O., 1979a. DECORANA. A FORTRAN program for detrended correspondence analysis and reciprocal averaging. Cornell Univ., Ithaca, 52 pp.
Hill, M. O., 1979b. TWINSPAN. A FORTRAN program for arranging multivariate data in an ordered two-way table by classification of the individuals and attributes. Cornell Univ., Ithaca, 90 pp.
Hill, M. O. & GauchJr., H. G., 1980. Detrended correspondence analysis: an improved ordination technique. Vegetatio 42: 47–58.
Hobbs, E. R., 1983. Factors controlling the form and location of the boundary between coastal sage scrub and grassland in southern California. Dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles, 307 pp.
Kirkpatrick, J. B. & Hutchinson, C. F., 1977. The community composition of California coastal sage scrub. Vegetatio 34: 21–33.
Love, E. M. (ed.), 1975. The California annual grassland ecosystem: a symposium. Institute of Ecology, University of California, Davis.
McBride, J. R., 1974. Plant succession in the Berkeley Hills, California. Madroño 22: 217–380.
McBride, J. R. & Heady, H. F., 1968. Invasion of grassland by Baccharis pilularis D.C. J. Range Mgt. 21: 106–108.
Mooney, H. A., 1977. Southern coastal scrub. In: M., Barbour & J. G., Major (eds.), Terrestrial vegetation of California. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
Munz, P. A., 1974. A flora of southern California. Univ. Calif. Press, Berkeley, 1086 pp.
Proctor, M. C. F., 1974. Ordination, classification and vegetational boundaries. In: W. H., Sommer & R., Tüxen (eds.), Tatsachen und Probleme der Grenzen in der Vegetation. Ber. Symp. Intern. Ver. Vegetationskde., Rinteln 1968, pp. 1–16. J. Cramer, Lehre.
Raven, P. H. & Thompson, H. J., 1977. Flora of the Santa Monica Mountains, California (Revised by D. S. Verity). University of California, Los Angeles, 189 pp.
Schmid, W. D., 1965. Distribution of aquatic vegetation as measured by line intercept with scuba. Ecology 46: 816–823.
Schmida, A. & Whittaker, R. H., 1981. Pattern and biological microsite effects in two shrub communities, southern California. Ecology 62: 234–251.
Sørensen, T., 1948. A method of establishing groups of equal amplitude in plant sociology based on similarity of species content. Det. Kong. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Biol. Skr. (Copenhagen) 5: 1–34.
Van, Leeuwen, C. G., 1966. A relation theoretical approach to pattern and process in vegetation. Wentia 15: 25–46.
Van, Leeuwen, C. G. & E.van der, Maarel, 1971. Pattern and process in coastal dune vegetation. Acta Bot. Neerl. 20: 191–198.
Van der, Maarel, E., 1974. Small-scale vegetational boundaries; on their analysis and typology. In: W. H., Sommer & R., Tüxen (eds.), Tatsachen und Probleme der Grenzen in der Vegetation, Ber. Symp. Intern. Ver. Vegetationskde., Rinteln 1968, pp. 75–80. J. Cramer, Lehre.
Van der, Maarel, E., 1976. On the establishment of plant community boundaries. Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. Bd. 89: 415–443.
Vogl, R., 1976. An introduction to the plant communities of the Santa Ana and San Jacinto Mountains. In: J. Latting (ed.), Plant communities of southern California, pp. 77–98. California Native Plant Society, Special Publication No. 2, Berkeley.
Westman, W. E., 1976. Vegetation conversion for fire control in Los Angeles. Urban Ecol. 2: 119–137.
Westman, W. E., 1981a. Diversity relations and succession in California coastal sage scrub. Ecol. 62: 170–184.
Westman, W. E., 1981b. Factors influencing the distribution of species of California coastal sage scrub. Ecol. 62: 439–455.
Westman, W. E., 1983. Xeric Mediterranean-type shrubland associations of Alta and Baja California and the community/continuum debate. Vegetatio 52: 3–19.
Whittaker, R. H., 1965. Dominance and diversity in land plant communities. Science 147: 250–260.
Whittaker, R. H., 1972. Evolution and measurement of species diversity. Taxon 21: 213–251.
Whittaker, R. H., Gilbert, L. D. & Connell, J. H., 1979. Analysis of two-phase pattern in a mesquite grassland, Texas. J. Ecol. 67: 935–952.
Whittaker, R. H., Niering, W. A. & Crisp, M. D., 1979. Structure, pattern, and diversity of a mallee community in New South Wales. Vegetatio 39: 65–76.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
Nomenclature follows Munz (1974) and Raven & Thompson (1977).
I am grateful to many people for their assistance in this study. I appreciate the help and cooperation of The California Department of Parks and Recreation and Dr. Carey Stanton who permitted access to the study sites. L. Band and L. Scuderi wrote the moving weighted averages program. The program GROWTHFORM was developed by G. Sayre, A. Troeger, and W. Westman. The research was supported in part by The Nature Conservancy (Santa Cruz Island Project); Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Society; The Society of Woman Geographers; and The University of California, Los Angeles (Research Opportunity Fund and Chancellor's Patent Fund). Jonathan Sauer and Walter Westman provided invaluable guidance and criticism.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hobbs, E.R. Characterizing the boundary between California annual grassland and coastal sage scrub with differential profiles. Vegetatio 65, 115–126 (1986). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00044882
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00044882