Abstract
Photosynthetic capacity of floating-leaved plants is relatively high comparable with terrestrial herbaceous plants, though floating-leaved plants have a much smaller biomass with a leaf area index seldom exceeding 2m2m-2. Their rather small biomass accumulation is related to higher turnover of leaf biomass or shorter leaf life span. Life span of floating leaves reported in the literature ranged mostly from 13 to 35 days, shorter than that of any other groups of herbaceous macrophytes. Floating-leaved plants are known to show considerably high plasticity in their leaf form. Leaf life span could be prolonged for Nymphoides peltata (Gmel.) O. Kuntze grown in a terrestrial environment and for emergent leaves of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. Their short leaf life span seems to be closely related to the fact that old leaves covered by newly formed ones are inevitably compelled to be submerged and lose their function as a photosynthetic apparatus.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- LAI:
-
leaf area index
- PFD:
-
photosynthetic photon flux density
References
Adams, M. S. & McCracken, M. D. 1974. Seasonal production of the Myriophyllum component of the littoral of Lake Wingra, Wisconsin. J. Ecol. 62: 457–465.
Aioi, K. 1980. Seasonal changes in the standing crop of eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) in Odawa Bay, Central Japan. Aquat. Bot. 8: 343–354.
Ambasht, R. S. 1971. Ecosystem study of a tropical pond in relation to primary production of different vegetational zones. Hidrobiol. 12: 57–61.
Ambasht, R. S. & Ram, K. 1976. Stratified primary productive structure of certain macrophytic weeds in a large Indian lake. In: C. K. Varshney & J. Rzóska (eds), Aquatic weeds in South East Asia. Dr. W. Junk, The Hague.
Aramaki, M., Tsuchiya, T. & Iwaki, H. 1989. Seasonal changes in photosynthesis and biomass of submerged leaves of Nuphar japonica at Takahama-iri Bay in Lake Kasumigaura. Proc. Conf. Limnol. Stud. Kasumigaura Water. Res. Stn. Natl. Inst. Environ. Stud. 4: 87–99. (in Japanese).
Armstrong, J. & Armstrong, W. 1991. A through-flow in Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. Aquat. Bot. 39: 75–88.
Bay, D. 1984. A field study of the growth dynamics and productivity of Posidonia oeceania (L.) Delile in Calvi Bay, Corsica. Aquat. Bot. 20: 43–64.
Best, E. P. H. & Dassen, J. H. A. 1987. A seasonal study of growth characteristics and the levels of carbohydrates and proteins in Elodea Nuttallii, Polygonum amphibium and Phragmites australis. Aquat. Bot. 28: 353–372.
Boyd, C. E. & Scarsbrook, E. 1975. Influence of nutrient additions and initial density of plants on production of waterhyacinth Eichhornia crassipes. Aquat. Bot. 1: 253–261.
Brock, Th. C. M. 1984. Aspects of the decomposition of Nymphoides peltata (Gmel.) O. Kuntze (Menyanthaceae). Aquat. Bot. 19: 131–156.
Brock, Th. C. M., Arts, G. H. P., Goossen, I. L. M. & Rutenfrans, A. H. M. 1983. Structure and annual biomass production of Nymphoides peltata (Gmel.) O. Kuntze (Menyanthaceae). Aquat. Bot. 17: 167–188.
Brock, Th. C. M., De Lyon, M. J. H., Van Laar, E. M. J. M. & Van Loon, E. M. M. 1985. Field studies on the breakdown of Nuphar lutea (L.) SM. (Nymphaeaceae), and comparison of three mathematical models for organic weight loss. Aquat. Bot. 21: 1–22.
Brock, Th. C. M., van der Velde, G. & van de Steeg, H. M. 1987. The effects of extreme water level fluctuations on the wetland vegetation of a nymphaeid-dominated oxbow lake in The Netherlands. Arch. Hydrobiol. Beih. 27: 57–73.
Bulthuis, D. A. & Woelkerling, Wm. J. 1983. Seasonal variation in standing crop, density and leaf growth rate of the seagrass, Heterozostera tasmanica, in western port and Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia. Aquat. Bot. 16: 111–136.
Center, T. D. & Spencer, N. R. 1981. The phenology and growth of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes Mart.) Solms) in a eutrophic north-central Florida lake. Aquat. Bot. 10: 1–32.
Center, T. D. & Van, T. K. 1989. Alternation of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms) leaf dynamics and phytochemistry by insect damage and plant density. Aquat. Bot. 35: 181–195.
Chabot, B. F. & Hicks, D. J. 1982. The ecology of leaf life span. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 13: 229–259.
Cook, C. D. K. & Lüönd, R. 1982. A revision of the genus Hydrocharis (Hydrocharitaceae). Aquat. Bot. 14: 177–204.
Dacey, J. W. H. 1980. Internal winds in water lilies: an adaptation for life in anaerobic sediments. Sci. 210: 1017–1019.
De Wit, H. C. D. 1964. Aquarium plants. Blanford Press, London.
Dykyjová, D. 1980. Production ecology of Acorus calamus. Folia Geobot. Phytotax., Praha 15: 29–57.
Dykyjová, D. & Hradecká, D. 1976. Production ecology of Phragmites communis. 1. relations of two ecotypes to the microclimate and nutrient conditions of habitat. Folia Geobot. Phytotax., Praha 11: 23–61.
Estacion, J. S. & Fortes, M. D. 1988. Growth rates and primary production of Enhalus acroides (L.f.) Royle from Lagit North Basis Bay, The Philippines. Aquat. Bot. 29: 347–356.
Esteves, F. A. 1979. Die Bedeutung der aquatischen Makrophyten für den Stoffhaushalt des Schöhsees. I. Die Produktion an Biomasse. Arch. Hydrobiol./Suppl. 57: 117–143.
Friday, L. E. 1989. Rapid turnover of traps in Utricularia vulgaris L. Oecologia 80: 272–277.
Fukai, S. & Silsburg, J. 1976. Responses of subterranean clover communities to temperature. Part 1. Dry matter production and plant morphogenesis. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 3: 527–544.
Grosse, W. & Mevi-Schutz, J. 1987. A beneficial gas transport system in Nymphoides peltata. Amer. J. Bot. 74: 947–952.
Grosse, W., Buchel, H. B. & Tiebel, H. 1991. Pressurized ventilation in wetland plants. Aquat. Bot. 39: 89–98.
Hall, J. B. & Okali, D. U. U. 1974. Phenology and productivity of Pista stratiotes L. on the Volta Lake, Ghana. J. Appl. Ecol. 11: 709–726.
Hammer, D. A. (ed.) 1989. Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment: Municipal, industrial and agricultural. Proc. 1st Int. Conf. Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment. Lewis Publishers, Chelsea.
Ho, Y. B. 1979. Shoot development and production studies of Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steudel in Scottish lochs. Hydrobiol. 64: 215–222.
Hayashi, K. 1984. Life history of annual floating-leaved plants. Iden 38(4): 6–11. (in Japanese).
Hutchinson, G. E. 1975. A Treatise on Limnology. Vol. III Limnological Botany. John wiley & Sons, New York, 660 pp.
Ibarra-Obando, S. E. & Huerta-Tamayo, R. 1987. Blade production of Zostera marina L. during the summer-autumn period on the Pacific coast of Mexico. Aquat. Bot. 28: 301–315.
Ikusima, I. 1965. Ecological studies on the productivity of aquatic plant communities. I. Measurement of photosynthetic activity. Bot. Mag. Tokyo 78: 202–211.
Ikusima, I. 1966a. Aquatic plants in Lake Biwa. In: The Research Report for Biological Resources in Lake Biwa. pp. 313–341. Kinki Branch, Min. Const., Osaka. (in Japanese).
Ikusima, I. 1966b. Ecological studies on the productivity of aquatic plant communities. II. Seasonal changes in standing crop and productivity of a natural submerged community of Vallisineria denseserrulata. Bot. Mag. Tokyo 79: 7–19.
Ikusima, I. 1970. Ecological studies on the productivity of aquatic plant communities. IV. Light condition and community photosynthetic production. Bot. Mag. Tokyo 83: 330–341.
Ikusima, I. 1978. Primary production and population ecology of the aquatic sedge Lepironia articulata in a tropical swamp, Tasek Bera, Malaysia. Aquat. Bot. 4: 269–280.
Ikusima, I. & Gentil, J. G. 1985. Macrophyte and its environment in four lakes in Rio Doce Valley. In: Y. Saijo & J. G. Tundisi (eds), Limnological studies in Central Brazil (1st report). pp. 113–125. Water Res. Inst., Nagoya Univ., Nagoya.
Ikusima, I. & Gentil, J. D. 1989. Structure and biomass production of Eichhornia azurea in the Rio Doce Valley lakes. In: Y. Saijo & J. G. Tundisi (eds), Limnological studies in Rio Doce Valley Lakes, Brazil (3rd report). pp. 89–96. Water Res. Inst., Nagoya Univ., Nagoya.
Jacobs, R. P. W. M. 1979. Distribution and aspects of the production and biomass of eelgrass, Zostera marina L., at Roscoff, France. Aquat. Bot. 7: 151–172.
Jurik, T. W. & Chabot, B. F. 1986. Leaf dynamics and profitability in wild strawberries. Oecologia 69: 296–304.
Kaul, R. B. 1976. Anatomical observations on floating leaves. Aquat. Bot. 2: 215–234.
Kaul, V. 1971. Production ecology of some macrophytes of Kashimir Lakes. Hidrobiol. 12: 63–69.
Kerr, E. A. & Strother, S. 1989. Seasonal changes in leaf growth rate of Zostera muelleri Irmisch ex Aschers. in south-eastern Australia. Aquat. Bot. 33: 131–140.
Kikuzawa, K. 1988. Leaf survivals of tree species in deciduous broad-leaved forests. Pl. Sp. Biol. 3: 67–76.
Kirkman, H., Reid, D. D. & Cook, I. H. 1982. Biomass and growth of Zostera capricorni Aschers. in Port Hacking, N.S.W., Australia. Aquat. Bot. 12: 57–67.
Koidsumi, K., Sakurai, Y. & Kawashima, S. 1967. Standing crop of higher aquatic plants of Lake Suwa (Material for the limnology of Lake Suwa I). Jpn. J. Limnol. 28: 57–63. (in Japanese).
Kotanen, P. & Jefferies, R. L. 1987. The leaf and shoot demography of grazed and ungrazed plants of Carex subspathacea. J. Ecol. 75: 961–975.
Kunii, H. 1983. Diurnal vertical fluctuations in some water variables under the covers of two different aquatic plants, Elodea nuttallii and Trapa sp. Mem. Fac. Sci., Shimane Univ. 17: 61–69.
Kunii, H. 1984. Seasonal growth and profile structure development of Elodea nuttallii (Planch.) St. John in Pond Ojagaike, Japan. Aquat. Bot. 18: 239–247.
Kunii, H. 1988. Current years' flowering and seed formation in Nymphaea tetragona Georgi. Bull. Water Plant Soc. Jpn. 33/34: 56–57. (in Japanese).
Kunii, H. & Aramaki, M. 1987. Leaf dynamics in Nymphaea tetragona and Brasenia schreberi. Bull. Water Plant Soc. Jpn. 29: 24–26. (in Japanese).
Kurasawa, H., Okino, T. & Hayashi, H. 1979. Seasonal changes of distribution and biomass of aquatic macrophytes in Lake Suwa. (in Japanese).
Květ, J. 1971. Growth analysis approach to the production ecology of reedswamp plant communities. Hidrobiol. 12: 15–40.
Květ, J. & Husák, S. 1978. Primary data on biomass and production estimates in typical stands of fishpond littoral plant communities. In: D. Dykyjová & J. Květ (eds), Pond littoral ecosystems. Springer-Verlag, New York.
Larcher, W. 1980. Physiological plantecology. In: M. A. Biederman-Thorson, (trans, 1983), Springer-Verlag, New York.
Mevi-Schutz, J. & Grosse, W. 1988. The importance of water vapour for the circulating air flow through Nelumbo nucifera. J. Exp. Bot. 39: 1231–1236.
Miyaji, K. & Tagawa, H. 1979. Longevity and productivity of leaves of a cultivated annual Glycine max Merrill. I. Longevity of leaves in relation to density and sowing time. New Phytol. 82: 233–244.
Moeller, R. E. 1978. Seasonal changes in biomass, tissue chemistry, and production of evergreen hydrophyte, Lobelia dortmanna. Can. J. Bot. 56: 1425–1433.
Moran, R. L. 1981. Aquatic macrophytes in Lake Sangchris. Illinois Nat. History Survey Bull. 32: 394–412.
Mukai, H., Aioi, K., Koike, I., Iizumi, H., Ohtsu, M. & Hattori, A. 1979. Growth and organic production of eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) in temperate waters of the Pacific coast of Japan. I. Growth analysis in spring-summer. Aquat. Bot. 7: 47–56.
Mutoh, N. & Nakamura, T. 1978. Analytical studies on the growth of Miscanthus sacchariflorus (Maxim.) Bentham. 2. An autoecological study of nutrient economy of the plant. JIBP Synthesis 19: 230–237.
Nohara, S. & Tsuchiya, T. 1990. Effect of water level fluctuation on growth of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. in Lake Kasumigaura. Japan. Ecol. Res. 5: 237–252.
Oki, Y. 1982. Studies on effect of environmental factors on the growth and reproduction of Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms. Ph.D. Thesis, Kyoto University.
Penfound, W. T. & Earle, T. T. 1948. The biology of the waterhyacinth. Ecol. Monogr. 18: 449–472.
Rai, D., Verma, P. K. & Munshi, J. D. 1980. Interactions between a floating (Trapa bispinosa) and submerged vegetation community in a fish pond of Bhagalpur. Pol. Arch. Hydrobiol. 27: 137–142.
Ravera, O., Garavaglia, C. & Stella, M. 1984. The importance of the macrophytes in two lakes with different tropic degree: Lake Combabbio and Lake Monate (Province of Varese, Northern Italy). Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 22: 1119–1130.
Reddy, K. R. & De Busk, W. F. 1984. Growth characteristics of aquatic macrophytes cultured in nutrient-enriched water: I. Water hyacinth, water lettuce, and pennywort. Econ. Bot. 38: 229–239.
Reddy, K. R. & De Busk, W. F. 1985. Growth characteristics of aquatic macrophytes cultured in nutrient-enriched water: II. Azolla, duckweed, and salvinia. Econ. Bot. 39: 200–208.
Rogers, K. H. & Breen, C. M. 1982. Decomposition of Potamogeton crispus L.: the effects of drying on the pattern of mass and nutrient loss. Aquat. Bot. 12: 1–12.
Roman, C. T. & Able, K. W. 1988. Production ecology of eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) in a Cape Cod salt marshestuarine system, Massachusetts. Aquat. Bot. 32: 353–363.
Sakurai, Y. 1981. Changes of flora, vegetation area and biomass of aquatic plants in the recent progress of eutrophication in Lake Kasumigaura. Res. Rep. Natl. Inst. Environ. Stud. 22: 229–279. (in Japanese with English abstract).
Sakurai, Y., Hayashi, I., Watanabe, Y., Amashiro, S. & Ohashi, M. 1973. Aquatic plants. L. Kasumigaura. Biol. Res. Rep. Min. Constr. Jpn. 78–137. (in Japanese).
Sale, P. J. M. & Orr, P. T. 1986. Gas exchanges of Typha orientalis Presl. communities in artificial ponds. Aquat. Bot. 23: 329–339.
Sand-Jensen, K. 1975. Biomass, net production and growth dynamics in an eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) population in Vellerup Vig, Denmark. Ophelia 14: 185–201.
Sand-Jensen, K. 1977. Effect of epiphytes on eelgrass photosynthesis. Aquat. Bot. 3: 55–63.
Sand-Jensen, K. & Søndergaard, M. 1978. Growth and production of isoetids in oligotrophic Lake Kalgaard, Denmark. Verh. Internat. Verein. Limmol. 20: 659–666.
Schröder, P., Grosse, W. & Woermann, D. 1986. Localization of thermo-osmotically active partitions in young leaves of Nuphar lutea. J. Exp. Bot. 37: 1450–1461.
Silberstein, K., Chiffings, K. & McComb, A. J. 1986. The loss of seagrass in Cockburn Sound, Western Australia. III. The effect of epiphytes on productivity of Posidonia australis Hook.f. Aquat. Bot. 24: 355–371.
Sinha, A. B. & Sahai, R. 1974. Contribution to the ecology of Indian aquatics. Part 4. Rate of dry matter production of the leaves several common aquatic plants of Gorakhpur, India. Photosynthetica 8: 127–129.
Smart, M. M. 1980. Annual changes of nitrogen and phosphorus in two aquatic macrophytes (Nymphaea tuberosa and Ceratophyllum demersum). Hydrobiol. 70: 31–35.
Stodola, J. 1967. Encyclopedia of water plants. TFH, Crown Pub., New York.
Tsuchiya, T. 1986. Growth characteristics of floating-leaved plants. Ph.D. Thesis, Tokyo Metropolitan University.
Tsuchiya, T. 1988. Comparative studies on the morphology and leaf life span of floating and emerged leaves of Nymphoides peltata (Gmel.) O. Kuntze. Aquat. Bot. 29: 381–386.
Tsuchiya, T. 1989. Growth and biomass turnover of Hydrocharis dubia cultured under different nutrient conditions. Ecol. Res. 4: 157–183.
Tsuchiya, T. & Iwaki, H. 1979. Impact of nutrient enrichment in a waterchestnut ecosystem at Takahama-iri Bay of Lake Kasumigaura, Japan. II. Role of waterchestnut in primary productivity and nutrient uptake. Water Air Soil Pollut. 12: 503–510.
Tsuchiya, T. & Iwaki, H. 1983. Biomass and net primary production of a floating-leaved plant, Trapa natans, community in Lake Kasumigaura, Japan. Jpn. J. Ecol. 33: 47–54.
Tsuchiya, T. & Iwaki, H. 1984. Seasonal changes in photosynthesis and primary production of a floating-leaved plant, Trapa natans L., community in Lake Kasumigaura, Japan. Jpn. J. Ecol. 34: 367–374.
Tsuchiya, T., Nohara, S. & Iwaki, H. 1987. Annual and seasonal variations in biomass of a floating-leaved plant, Trapa natans L., in Takahama-iri Bay of Lake Kasumigaura, Japan. Jpn. J. Limnol. 48: S39-S44.
Tsuchiya, T. & Nohara, S. 1989. Growth and life span of the leaves of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. in Lake Kasumigaura, Japan. Aquat. Bot. 36: 87–95.
Tsuchiya, T., Nohara, S. & Iwakuma, T. 1990. Net primary production of Nymphoides peltata (Gmel.) O. Kuntze growing on sandy sediment at Edosaki-iri Bay in Lake Kasumigaura, Japan. Jpn. J. Limnol. 51: 307–312.
Twilley, R. R., Blanton, L. R., Brinson, M. M. & Davis, G. J. 1985. Biomass production and nutrient cycling in aquatic macrophyte communities of the Chowan River, North Carolina. Aquat. Bot. 22: 231–252.
Unni, K. S. 1984. Seasonal changes in growth rate and organic matter production of Trapa bispinosa Roxb. Trop. Ecol. 25: 125–133.
van der Velde, G., Giesen, T. G. & van der Heijden, L. A. 1979. Structure, biomass and seasonal changes in biomass of Nymphoides peltata (Gmel.) O. Kuntze (Menyanthaceae), a preliminary study. Aquat. Bot. 7: 279–300.
Wallace, J. B. & O'Hop, J. 1985. Life on a fast pad: waterlily leaf beetle impact on water lilies. Ecol. 66: 1534–1544.
Wahbeh, M. I. 1984. The growth and production of the leaves of the seagrass Halophila stipulacea (Forsk.) Achers. from Aqaba, Jordan. Aquat. Bot. 20: 33–41.
Watanabe, I. & Berja, N. S. 1983. The growth of four species of Azolla as affected by temperature. Aquat. Bot. 15: 175–185.
West, R. J. & Larkum, A. W. D. 1979. Leaf productivity of the seagrass, Posidonia australis, in Eastern Australian waters. Aquat. Bot. 7: 57–65.
Westlake, D. F. 1975. Primary production of freshwater macrophytes. In: J. P. Cooper (ed), Photosynthesis and productivity of different environments. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Westlake, D. F. 1982. The primary productivity of water plants. In: J. J. Symoens, S. S. Hooper & P. Compere (eds), Studies on aquatic vascular plants. Otto Koeltz Science Publishers, Koenigstein-Ts, Germany.
Wetzel, R. G. 1983. Limnology. Saunders College Publishing, Philadelphia.
Whigham, D. F., McCormick, J., Good, R. E. & Simpson, R. L. 1978. Biomass and primary production in freshwater tidal wetlands of the Middle Atlantic Coast. In: R. G. Good, D. F. Whigham & R. L. Simpson (eds), Freshwater wetlands. Academic Press, New York.
Whittaker, R. H. & Likens, G. E. 1975. The biosphere and man. In: H. Lieth & R. H. Whittaker (eds), Primary productivity of the biosphere. Springer-Verlag, New York.
Wiggers Nielsen, L., Nielsen, K. & Sand-Jensen, K. 1985. High rates of production and mortality of submerged Sparganium emersum Rehman during its short growth season in a eutrophic Danish stream. Aquat. Bot. 22: 325–334.
Woodward, R. G. 1976. Photosynthesis and expansion of leaves of soybean grown in two environments. Photosynthetica 10: 274–279.
Wooten, J. W. & Dodd, J. D. 1976. Growth of water hyacinths in treated sewage effluent. Econ. Bot. 30: 29–37.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Tsuchiya, T. Leaf life span of floating-leaved plants. Vegetatio 97, 149–160 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00035388
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00035388