Skip to main content
Log in

Relationships between water, nutrients and productivity in Australian forests: Application to wood production and quality

  • Forest Management Aspect
  • Published:
Plant and Soil Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The application of knowledge of water and nutrient relationships to improve forest management is discussed from an Australian perspective. The objectives of tree planting and forest management have become diverse, and there are outstanding examples of successful application of research results to forestry.

Experiments seeking to explain the way water and nutrients influence growth tend to use treatments designed to ensure large differences in growth to increase the opportunities for identifying the mechanisms involved. The application of results from such research to many forestry situations, however, is harder than from research in which there is a closer match between treatments and management practices. The expectations of process-based models as management tools for economic decision-making is yet to be fulfilled. More progress is required in our ability to predict accurately the effects of soil and stand management practices on the production of marketable wood.

The extent to which results of research on silvicultural practices are applied in practice is ultimately dependent upon economic return from investment. Water and nutrient relations have a significant influence on production, harvest index and log and wood quality. Recognition and understanding of this influence and the availability of management-oriented growth models incorporating process-based information, will permit better assessment of potential returns from management options.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Aussenac G and Granier A 1988 Effects of thinning on water stress and growth in Douglas-fir. Can. J. For. Res. 18, 100–105.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bail I R and Pederick L A 1990 Stem deformity in Pinus radiata on highly fertile sites: expression of genetic variation. Aust. For. 52, 309–320.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beadle C L and Inions G 1990 Limits to growth of eucalypts and their biology of production. In Prospects for Australian Forest Plantations. Eds. JDargavel and NSemple. pp 183–193. CRES, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beadle C L and Mummery D C 1990 Stand growth and development of leaf area index in young plantations of Eucalyptus nitens at 2×2 m spacing. In New Approaches to Spacing and Thinning in Plantation Forestry. Eds. R N James and G L Tarlton. Proc. IUFRO. Symp. April 1989 FRI Bulletin 151. pp 214–257. Rotorua, New Zealand.

  • Biddiscombe E F, Rogers A L, Greenwood E A N and DeBoer E S 1985 Growth of tree species near salt seeps, as estimated by leaf area, crown volume and height. Aust. For. Res. 1985, 141–154.

    Google Scholar 

  • Birk E M 1990 Poor tree form of Pinus radiata D Don on former pasture sites in New South Wales. Aust. For. 53, 104–112.

    Google Scholar 

  • Birk E M 1991 Stem and branch form of 20-year-old radiata pine in relation to previous land use. Aust. For. 54, 30–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boardman R 1988 Living on the edge: the development of silviculture in South Australian pine plantations. Aust. For. 51, 135–156.

    Google Scholar 

  • Booth T H and McMurtrie R E 1988 Climate change and Pinus radiata plantations in Australia. In Green House: Planning for climate change. Ed. G IPearman. pp 534–545. CSIRO Melbourne.

    Google Scholar 

  • Butcher T B and Havel J J 1976 Influence of moisture relationships on thinning practice. N. Z. J. For. Sci. 6, 158–170.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cameron J N and Leishout H 1988 Realised gains from Pinus radiata from breeding and silvicultural development introduced in the 1970s in Gippsland. In Proc. Tenth meeting, Research Working Group No 1. Aust. For. Counc., Queensland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cannell M G R 1989 Physiological basis of wood production. Scand. J. For. Res. 4, 459–490.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlyle J C, Lowther J R, Smethurst P J and Nambiar E K S 1990 Influence of chemical properties on nitrogen mineralization and nitrification in podzolized sands: Implications for forest manatement. Aust.J. Soil Res. 28, 981–1000.

    Google Scholar 

  • Corson S R, Foster R S and Richardson J D 1989 New Zealand grown spruce and radiata pine can have similar TMP properties. Appita 42, 345–349.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cotterill P P, Dean C A, Cameron J N and Brindbergs M 1990 Nucleus breeding strategy: A new strategy for rapid improvement under clonal forestry. In Proc. Conf. Breeding Tropical Trees: Population structure and genetic improvement strategies in clonal and seedling forestry. Eds. G LGibson, A RGriffin and A CMatheson. pp 39–51. Nov 1988, Pattaya, Thailand IUFRO Working Party November–December 1988, Oxford Forestry Institute, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cromer R N, Tompkins D and Barr N 1983 Irrigation of Pinus radiata with waste water: Tree growth in response to treatment. Aust. For. Res. 13, 57–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Donner B L and Running S W 1986 Water stress response after thinning Pinus contorta stands in Montana. For. Sci. 32, 614–625.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fife D N, Nambiar E K S and Evans R 1993 Effects of nitrogen on the growth and properties of stem wood of Pinus radiata families. CSIRO Division of Forestry, User Series No.8, p 28, Canberra.

  • Fife D N and Nambiar E K S 1995 Effect of nitrogen on growth and water relations of radiata pine families. Plant and Soil 168/169.

  • Greenwood E A N, Milligan A, Biddiscombe E F, Rogers A L, Beresford J D, Watson G D and Wright K D 1992 Hydrologic and salinity changes associated with tree plantations in a saline agricultural catchment in south western Australia. Agric. Water Manage. 22, 307–323.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hopmans P, Flinn D W, Geary P W and Tomkins I B 1993 Sustained growth response of P. radiata on podzolized sands to site management practices. Aust. For. 56, 27–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hunter I R and Gibson A R 1984 Predicting Pinus radiata site index from environmental variables. N.Z.J.For.Sci. 14, 53–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Inions G 1991 Relationships between environmental attributes and productivity of Eucalyptus globulus in south-west Western Australia. In Productivity in Perspective Third Aust.For. Soils and Nutri.Conf. Ed. P JRyan. pp 116–131. For.Comm. NSW, Sydney.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaufmann M R and Landsberg J J (Eds) 1991 Advancing toward closed models of forest ecosystems. Tree Physiol. 9 (1 and 2) 324 pp.

  • McLeod S D and Running W 1988 Comparing site quality indices and productivity in ponderosa pine stands of Western Montana. Can. J. For. Res. 18, 346–352.

    Google Scholar 

  • McMurtrie R E and Landsberg J T 1992 Using a simulation model to evaluate the effects of water and nutrients on growth and carbon partitioning in Pinus radiata. For. Ecol. Manage. 52, 243–260.

    Google Scholar 

  • McMurtrie R E, Rook D A and Kelliher F M 1990 Modelling the yield of Pinus radiata on a site limited by water and nitrogen. For. Ecol. Manage. 30, 381–413.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell B A and Correll R L 1987 The soil water regime in a young radiata pine plantation in south eastern Australia. New For. 4, 273–289.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell A K 1992 Research solutions to problems in the management of established stands. For. Ecol. Manage. 49, 119–132.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nambiar E K S 1990 Interplay between nutrients, water, root growth and productivity in young plantations. For. Ecol. Manage. 30, 213–232.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nambiar E K S 1990/91 Management of forests under nutrient and water stress. Water, Air Soil Pollut. 54, 209–230.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nambiar E K S and Booth T H 1991 Environmental constraints on the productivity of eucalypts and pine: Opportunities for site management and breeding. In Productivity in Perspective. Third Aust. For. Soils and Nutr. Conf. Ed. P JRyan. pp 215–231. For. Comm. NSW, Sydney.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nambiar E K S and Sands R 1993 Competition for water and nutrients in forests. Can. J. For. Res. 23, 1955–1968.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nambiar E K S, Squire R, Cromer R, Turner J and Boardman R (Eds) 1990 Management of water and nutrient relations to increase forest growth. For. Ecol. Manage. 30, 1–486.

  • Nambiar E K S, Squire R O, Sands R and Will G M 1984 Manipulation of water and nutrients in plantations of fast-growing species. In IUFRO Symposium on site productivity of fast-growing plantations Vol 1. Eds. D CGrey, A P GSchonau and C JSchutz. pp 489–506. South African Forest Research Institute, Pretoria.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nicholls J W P and Waring H D 1977 The effect of environmental factors on wood characteristics. Silvae Genet. 26, 107–111.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nyakuengama J G, Benson M L, Evans R, Menz D, Myers B J and Craig I E 1993 Variation of fibre length and densitometric characteristics in Pinus radiata D. Don irrigated and fertilised stands. CSIRO Div. For. Internal Report, Canberra.

  • Raison R J and Myers B J (Eds) 1992 title For.Ecol.Manage. 52,1–317.

  • Running S W and Coughlan J C 1988 A general model of forest ecosystem processes for regional applications. 1. Hydrologic balance, canopy gas exchange and primary production processes. Ecol. Model. 42, 125–154.

    Google Scholar 

  • Running S W and Hunt E 1993 Generalisation of a forest ecosystem process model for other biomes, BIOME-BGC, and an application of global scale models. In Scaling Physiological Processes: Leaf to Globe. pp 141–158. Academic Press Inc., New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schofield N J and Bari M A 1991 Valley reforestation to lower saline ground water tables: Results from Stene's farm, Western Australia. Aust.J. Soil Res. 29, 635–650.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheriff D W and Rook D A 1990 Wood density and above-ground growth in high and low wood density clones of Pinus radiata D. Don. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 17, 615–628.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smethurst P J and Nambiar E K S 1990 Effects of slash and litter management on fluxes of nitrogen and tree growth in a young Pinus radiata plantation. Can. J. For. Res. 20, 1498–1507.

    Google Scholar 

  • Snowdon P and Benson M L 1992 Effects of combinations of irrigation and fertilisation on the growth and above-ground biomass production of Pinus radiata. For.Ecol.Manage. 52, 87–116.

    Google Scholar 

  • Snowdon P and Waring H D 1990 Growth response of Pinus radiata to combinations of superphosphate, urea and thinning type. For. Ecol. Manage 30, 313–325.

    Google Scholar 

  • Snowdon P and Waring H D 1991 Effects of irrigation and artificial drought on the growth and health of Pinus radiata near Canberra, A.C.T. Aust. For. 54, 124–186.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stogsdill W R, Wittwer R F, Hennessey T C and Dougherty P M 1992 Water use in thinned loblolly pine plantations. For. Ecol. Manage. 50, 233–245.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner J 1982 Long term superphosphate trial in regeneration of Pinus radiata at Belangalo Forest, N.S.W. Aust.For.Res. 2, 1–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner J and Lambert M J 1987 Forest water usage and interactions with nutrition of Pinus radiata. Acta Ecologica Ecol. Plant. 8, 37–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turvey N D and Smethurst P J 1985 Variations in wood density of Pinus radiata D. Don across soil types. Aust. For. Res. 15, 43–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Valente D A, Mendes de Sousa A P, Furtado F P and deCarvalho A 1992 Improvement program for Eucalyptus globulus at PORTUCEL: Technological component. Appita 45, 403–407.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whiteman P H, Lieshout H and Cameron J N 1993 Realised gains for P. radiata from breeding and silvicultural developments introduced in the 1970's in Gippsland — an update. In Proc 12th meeting of Research Working Group 1. Aust. For. Council, Canberra 1993

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilkes J 1989 Variation in wood density of Pinus radiata in New South Wales, Australia. Call. J. For. Res. 19, 289–294.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilkins A P 1990 Influence of silvicultural treatment on growth and wood density of Eucalyptus grandis grown on a previous pasture site. Aust. For. 53, 168–172.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Nambiar, E.K.S. Relationships between water, nutrients and productivity in Australian forests: Application to wood production and quality. Plant Soil 168, 427–435 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00029356

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00029356

Key words

Navigation