Abstract
Two- to four-week stratification of red alder seeds slightly increased the speed of germination but did not improve total germination under alternating warm temperatures (30°C/20°C), yet significantly improved speed and total germination under cool temperatures (15°C/5°C) that simulated early spring outdoor nursery bed conditions. Only seeds that received four-week stratification achieved complete germination at the cooler temperatures. Strong seed source variation in response to seed treatments was observed at the cool regime. The Yacolt source germinated well regardless of seed treatments, even without stratification, while five other sources needed two to four weeks of stratification to achieve above 50% germination. Possible reasons for this variation are discussed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Allen, G. S. 1960. Factors affecting the viability and germination behavior of coniferous seeds. IV. Stratification period and incubation temperature, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco. For. Chron. 36: 18–29.
Bonner, F. T., McLemore, B. F. and Barnett, J. P. 1974. Presowing treatment of seed to speed germination, pp. 126–135. In: Seeds of Woody Plants in the United States. USDA For. Serv. Agric. Handb. No. 450.
Elliott, D. M. and Taylor, I. E. P. 1981. Germination of red alder (Alnus rubra) seed from several locations in its natural range. Can. J. For. Res. 11: 517–521.
Fowler, D. P. 1959. Rapid germination of white pine seed. For. Chron. 35: 203–211.
Hibbs, D. E. and Ager, A. A. 1989. Red alder: guidelines for seed collection, handling and storage. Forest Research Laboratory, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Special publication 18, 6 pp.
International Seed Testing Association. 1985. International rules for seed testing. Seed Sci. and Technology 13, 520 pp.
Milliken, G. A. and Johnson, D. E. 1984. Analysis of Messy Data, Vol. 1: Designed Experiments. New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, 600 pp.
Schopmeyer, C. S. 1974. Alnus B. Ehrh, pp. 206–211. In: Seeds of Woody Plants in the United States. USDA For. Serv. Agric. Handb. No. 450.
Tanaka, Y. 1976. Stratification and other pre-treatments of Douglas-fir seed for nursery bed germination, pp. 163–173. In: Hatano, K., Asakawa, S., Katsuta, M., Sasaki, S. and Yokoyama, T. (Eds) Proc. IUFRO 2nd International Symposium on Physiology of Seed Germination. Fuji, Japan.
Tanaka, Y., Kleyn, N. J. and Harper, L. M. 1986. Seed stratification of Engelmann spruce and lodgepole pine: The effect of stratification duration and timing of surface-drying. For. Chron. 62: 147–151.
Winston, D. A. and Haddon, B. D. 1981. Effects of early cone collection and artificial ripening on white spruce and red pine germination. Can. J. For. Res. 11: 817–826.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Tanaka, Y., Brotherton, P.J., Dobkowski, A. et al. Germination of stratified and non-stratified seeds of red alder at two germination temperatures. New Forest 5, 67–75 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00029299
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00029299