Skip to main content
Log in

Ecological strategies of forest insects: the need for a community-level approach to reforestation

  • Published:
New Forests Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The traditional, single-species approach to forest pest management is considered in light of the range of ecological strategies respresented in forest arthropod communities. Insect population growth and impact depend on host variables subject to silvicultural manipulation, especially during early stages of forest development, but silvicultural practices often induce undesirable responses from non-target insect populations. A suggested approach to forest pest management involves consideration of arthropod community structure, life history traits, and interactions among arthropod and plant species in order to anticipate insect responses and refine silvicultural recommendations accordingly.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Atsatt P.R. (1981) Ant-dependent food plant selection by the mistletoe butterfly Orgyris amaryllis (Lycaenidae). Oecologia 48, 60–63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berenbaum M. (1980) Adaptive significance of midgut pH in larval Lepidoptera. Am. Nat. 115, 138–146.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernays E.A. and Woodhead S. (1982) Plant phenols utilized as nutrients by a phytophagous insect. Science 216, 201–203.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bogenschütz H. and König E. (1976) Relationships between fertilization and tree resistance to forest insect pests, pp. 281–289, In Fertilizer Use and Plant Health, Proc. 12th Colloq. Int. Pot. Inst., Izmir, Turkey, 1976, International Potash Institute, Bern, Switzerland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carroll C.R. and Hoffman C.A. (1980) Chemical feeding deterrent mobilized in response to herbivory and counteradaptation by Epilachna tredecimnotata. Science 209, 414–416.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coulson R.N. and Witter J.A. (1984) Forest Entomology: Ecology and Management. John Wiley and Sons, New York, 669 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Courtney S.P. (1986). The ecology of pierid butterflies: dynamics and interactions. Adv. Ecol. Res. 15: 51–131.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fares Y., Sharpe P.J.H., and Magnusen C.E. (1980) Pheromone dispersion in forests. J. Theor. Biol. 84, 335–359.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fox L.R. and Macauley B.J. (1977) Insect grazing on Eucalyptus in response to variations in leaf tannins and nitrogen. Oecologia 29, 145–162.

    Google Scholar 

  • Furniss, R.L. and Carolin, V.M. (1977) Western Forest Insects. U.S.D.A. Forest Service Misc. Publ. 1339, 654 pp.

  • Harborne J.B. (1982) Introduction to Ecological Biochemistry, Second Ed. Academic Press, Inc., London, 278 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hargrove W.W., Crossley D.A. Jr., and Seastedt T.R. (1984) Shifts in herbivory in the canopy of black locust, Robinia pseudo-acacia L., following fertilization. Oikos 43, 322–328.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hedin P.A. ed. (1983) Plant Resistance to Insects. American Chemical Society Symposium Series 208, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., 375 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heinrich B. and Collins S.L. (1983) Caterpillar leaf damage, and the game of hide-and-seek with birds. Ecology 64, 592–602.

    Google Scholar 

  • Király Z. (1976) Plant disease resistance as influenced by biochemical effects of nutrients in fertilizers, pp. 33–46, In Fertilizer Use and Plant Health, Proc. 12th Colloq. Int. Pot. Inst., Izmir, Turkey, 1976. International Potash Institute, Bern, Switzerland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lance D.R. (1983) Host-seeking behavior of the gypsy moth: The influence of polyphagy and highly apparent host plants, pp. 201–224, In S. Ahmad, ed., Herbivorous Insects: Host-Seeking Behavior and Mechanisms, Academic Press, Inc. New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Larsson S., Oren R., Waring R.H., and Barrett J.W. (1983) Attacks of mountain pine beetle as related to tree vigor of ponderosa pine. Forest Sci. 29, 395–402.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lorio P.L. Jr. (1980) Loblolly pine stocking levels affect potential for southern pine beetle infestation. South. J. Appl. For. 4, 162–165.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mattson W.J. (1980) Herbivory in relation to plant nitrogen content. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 11, 119–161.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mattson W.J. and Addy N.D. (1975) Phytophagous insects as regulators of forest primary production. Science 190, 515–522.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell R.G. and Martin R.E. (1980) Fire and insects in pine culture of the Pacific Northwest. Proc. Conf. Fire For. Meterol. 6, 182–190.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell R.G., Waring R.H. and Pitman G.B. (1983) Thinning lodgepole pine increases tree vigor and resistance to mountain pine beetle. Forest Sci. 29, 204–211.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nielsen B.O. and Ejlersen A. (1977) The distribution in pattern of herbivory in a beech canopy. Ecol. Entomol. 2, 293–299.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pickett S.T.A., and White P.S., eds. (1985) The Ecology of Natural Disturbance and Patch Dynamics. Academic Press, Inc., New York, 472 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pitman G.B., Larsson S., and Tenow O. (1982) Stem growth efficiency: an index of susceptibility to bark beetle and sawfly attack, pp. 52–56, In R.H. Waring, ed., Carbon Uptake and Allocation in Subalpine Ecosystems as a Key to management. Proc. Int. Union Forestry Res. Organ. Wkshp., 2–3 Aug. 1982, Corvallis, Oregon, Oregon State University Forest Research Lab, Corvallis, Oregon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Risch S.J. (1981) Insect herbivore abundance in tropical monocultures and polycultures: an experimental test of two hypotheses. Ecology 62, 1325–1340.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schopf R., Mignat C., and Hedden P. (1982) As to the food quality of spruce needles for forest damaging insects. 18. Resorption of secondary plant metabolites by the sawfly Gilpinia hercyniae Htg. (Hym., Diprionidae). Z. ang. Entomol. 93, 244–257.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schowalter T.D. (1981) Insect herbivore relationship to the state of the host plant: biotic regulation of ecosystem nutrient cycling through ecological succession. Oikos 37, 126–130.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schowalter T.D. (1985) Adaptations of insects to disturbance, pp. 235–252, In S.T.A. Pickett and P.S. White, eds., The Ecology of Natural Disturbance and patch Dynamics, Academic Press, Inc., New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schowalter T.D., Coulson R.N. and Crossley D.A. Jr. (1981a) Role of southern pine beetle and fire in maintenance of structure and function of the southeastern coniferous forest. Environ. Entomol. 10, 821–825.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schowalter T.D., Pope D.N., Coulson R.N., and Fargo W.S. (1981b) Patterns of southern pine beetle (Dendroctonus frontalis Zimm) infestation enlargement. Forest Sci. 27, 837–849.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schowalter T.D., Webb J.W. and Crossley D.A. Jr. (1981c) Community structure and nutrient content of canopy arthropods in clearcut and uncut forest ecosystems. Ecology 62, 1010–1019.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schowalter T.D., Haverty M.I., and Koerber T.W. (1985) Cone and seed insects in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) seed orchards in the western United States: distribution and relative impact. Can. Entomol. 117, 1223–1230.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schowalter T.D., Hargrove W.W., and Crossley D.A. Jr. (1986a) Herbivory in forested ecosystems. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 31, 177–196.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schowalter T.D., Overhulser D.L., Kanaskie A., Stein J.D., and Sexton J. (1986b) Lygus hesperus as an agent of apical bud abortion in Douglas-fir nurseries in western Oregon. New Forests, 1: 5–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seastedt T.R., and Crossley D.A. Jr. (1984) The influence of arthropods on ecosystems. BioScience 34, 157–161.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stoszek K.J., Mika P.G., Moore J.A., and Osborne H.L. (1981) Relationships of Douglas-fir tussock moth defoliation to site and stand characteristics in northern Idaho. Forest Sci. 27, 431–442.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strong D.R., Lawton J.H., and Southwood T.R.E. (1984) Insects on Plants, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 313 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swank W.T., Waide J.B., Crossley D.A. Jr., and Todd R.L. (1981) Insect defoliation enhances nitrate export from forest ecosystems. Oecologia 51, 297–299.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tilman D. (1978) Cherries, ants, and tent caterpillars: timing of nectar production in relation to susceptibility of caterpillars to ant predation. Ecology 59, 686–692.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tuomi J., Niemela P., Haukioja E., Siren S., and Neuvonen S. (1984) Nutrient stress: an explanation for plant anti-herbivore responses to defoliation. Oecologia 61, 208–210.

    Google Scholar 

  • Visser J.H. (1986) Host odor perception in phytophagous insects. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 31, 121–144.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waring R.H. (1982) Coupling stress physiology with ecosystem analysis, pp. 5–8, In R.H. Waring, ed., Carbon Uptake and Allocation in subalpine Ecosystems as a Key to Management, Proc. Int. Union Forestry Res. Organ. Wkshop., 2–3 Aug. 1982, Corvallis, Oregon, Oregon State University Forest Research Lab, Corvallis, Oregon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waring R.H., and Pitman G.B. (1983) Physiological stress in lodgepole pine as a precursor for mountain pine beetle attack. Z. ang. Entomol. 96, 265–270.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wickman B.E. (1980) Increased growth of white fir after a Douglas-fir tussock moth outbreak. J. Forestry 78, 31–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Witcosky, J.J., Schowalter, T.D., and hansen, E.M. (1986) The influence of precommercial thinning on the colonization of Douglas-fir by three species of root-colonizing insects. Can. J. For. Res. (in press).

  • Zlotin R.I., and Khodashova K.S. (1980) The Role of Animals in Biological Cycling of Forest-Steppe Ecosystems, English translation, N.R. French, ed., Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, Stroudsburg, PA, 221 pp.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Schowalter, T.D. Ecological strategies of forest insects: the need for a community-level approach to reforestation. New Forest 1, 57–66 (1986). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00028121

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00028121

Key words

Navigation