Abstract
Supply of amino acids may be important in controlling cell division of Chlorella symbiotic with green hydra. Freshly isolated symbionts display characteristics of N-limited algae, and low pH in perialgal vacuoles and high levels of host glutamine synthetase (GS) limit uptake of ammonium. Movement of tritiated amino acids from host to algal pools suggests that symbiotic algae utilize amino acids derived from host digestion of prey. Amounts are significant in relation to host and algal amino acids pools. During host starvation, glutamine produced by host GS may be important as a nitrogen supply to the algae, which take up this amino acid at high rates at low pH.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Cook, C. B., 1971. Transfer of 35S-labeled material from food ingested by Aiptasia sp. to its endosymbiotic zooxanthellae. In H.M. Lenhoff, L. Muscatine & L.V. Davis (eds), Experimental Coelenterate Biology. Univ. of Hawaii Press, Honolulu: 218–224.
Cook, C. B., C. F. D'Elia & G. Muller-Parker, 1988. Host feeding and nutrient sufficiency for zooxanthellae in the sea anemone Aiptasia pallida. Mar. Biol. 98: 253–262.
Gallagher, M. & W. D. Brown, 1975. Composition of San Francisco Bay Brine Shrimp (Artemia salina). J. agric. Fd Chem. 23: 630–632.
Haberstroh, P. R. & S.I. Ahmed, 1986. Resolution by high pressure liquid chromatography of intracellular and extracellular free amino acids of a nitrogen deficient marine diatom, Skeletonema costatum (Grev.) Cleve, pulsed with nitrate or ammonium. J. exp. mar. Biol. Ecol. 101: 101–117.
Lowry, O. H., N. J. Rosebrough, A. L. Farr & R. J. Randall, 1951. Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J. biol. Chem. 193: 265–275.
McAuley, P. J., 1982. Temporal relationships of host cell and algal mitosis in the green hydra symbiosis. J. Cell Sci. 58: 423–431.
McAuley, P. J., 1985. The cell cycle of symbiotic Chlorella. I. The relationship between host feeding and algal cell growth and division. J. Cell Sci. 77: 225–239.
McAuley, P. J., 1986a. Uptake of amino acids by cultured and freshly isolated symbiotic Chlorella. New Phytol. 104: 415–427.
McAuley, P. J., 1986b. Isolation of viable uncontaminated Chlorella from green hydra. Limnol. Oceanogr. 31: 222–224.
McAuley, P. J., 1987a. Nitrogen limitation and amino-acid metabolism of Chlorella symbiotic with green hydra. Planta 171: 532–538.
McAuley, P. J., 1987b. Quantitative estimation of movement of an amino acid from host to Chlorella symbionts in green hydra. Biol. Bull. 173: 504–512.
McAuley, P. J., 1988. Uptake of leucine by Chlorella symbionts of green hydra. Proc. r. Soc., Lond. (Ser. B) 234: 319–332.
McAuley, P. J., 1989. Uptake of arginine by symbiotic Chlorella cells increases rates of internalization of other amino acids. New Phytol. 112: 553–559.
Mews, L. K., 1980. The green hydra symbiosis. III. The biotrophic transport of carbohydrate from alga to animal. Proc. r. Soc., Lond. (Ser. B) 209: 377–401.
Muscatine, L. & C. F. D'Elia, 1978. The uptake, retention, and release of ammonium by reef corals. Limnol. Oceanogr. 23: 725–734.
Ohmori, M., S. Miyachi, K. Okabe & S. Miyachi, 1984. Effects of ammonia on respiration, adenylate levels, amino acid synthesis and CO2 fixation in cells of Chlorella vulgaris 11 h in darkness. Pl. Cell Physiol. 25: 749–756.
Rees, T. A. V., 1986. The green hydra symbiosis and ammonium. I. The role of the host in ammonium assimilation and its possible regulatory significance. Proc. r. Soc., Lond. (Ser. B) 229: 299–314.
Rees, T. A. V., 1989. The green hydra symbiosis and ammonium. II. Ammonium assimilation and release by freshly isolated symbionts and cultured algae. Proc. r. Soc., Lond. (Ser. B) 235: 365–382.
Rees, T. A. V., N. Shah & G. R. Stewart, 1989. Glutamine synthetase isoforms in the green hydra symbiosis. New Phytol. 111: 621–623.
Steen, R. G., 1986. Evidence for heterotrophy by zooxanthellae in symbiosis with Aiptasia pulchella. Biol. Bull. 170: 267–278.
Summons, R. E., T. S. Boag & C. B. Osmond, 1986. The effect of ammonium on photosynthesis and the pathway of ammonium assimilation in Gymnodinium microadriaticum in vitro and in symbiosis with tridacnid clams and corals. Proc. r. Soc., Lond. (Ser. B) 227: 147–159.
Syrett, P. J. & A. M. Peplinska, 1988. Effects of nitrogen deprivation, and recovery from it, on the metabolism of microalgae. New Phytol. 109: 298–296.
Wilkerson, F. P. & L. Muscatine, 1984. Uptake and assimilation of dissolved inorganic nitrogen by a symbiotic sea anemone. Proc. r. Soc., Lond. (Ser. B) 221: 71–86.
Wilkerson, F. P. & R. K. Trench, 1986. Uptake of dissolved inorganic nitrogen by the symbiotic clam Tridacna gigas and the coral Acropora sp. Mar. Biol. 93: 237–246.
Zamer, W. E., 1986. Physiological energetics of the intertidal sea anemone Anthopleura elegantissima. I. Prey capture, absorption efficiency and growth. Mar. Biol. 92: 299–314.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
McAuley, P.J. Amino acids as a nitrogen source for Chlorella symbiotic with green hydra. Hydrobiologia 216, 369–376 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00026488
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00026488