Summary
The origin of haploid plants of cacao was studied using morphological and enzyme markers. Analysis of 250 haploids arising either from controlled crosses or from open pollination in a biclonal seed-garden showed the existence of several types. They could be either Λ or Φ in origin, or chimaeric haploids or diploid/haploid chimaeras. In the majority of cases these chimaeras, visible at the cotyledon stage, were not maintained at the level of foliage, where only one genotype was observed. Studies of the haploid/diploid chimaeras show that the diploid part could be heterozygous and thus correspond to the fusion of the two parental gametes occurring after gametic cell divisions have produced haploid tissue. This phenomenon of semigamy could be facilitated in cacao by its particular system of self-incompatibility.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Acharya B.C. & M.V.Ramji, 1977. Experimental androgenesis in plants—a review. Proc Indian Acad Sci 86 B(6): 337–360.
Battaglia E., 1954. Semigamie chez Rudbeckia sullivantii Boynton et Beadle (Compositae). Proc Ind Bot Congr 8th Paris Sec 7–8: 245–247.
Bouharmont, J., 1960. Recherches cytologiques sur la fructification et l'incompatibilité chez Theobroma cacao L. Publ. de l'Inéac, série scientifique no 89: 117.
Campos F.F. & D.T.Morgan, 1958. Haploid pepper from a sperm. J Heredity 49: 134–137.
Chase S.S., 1963. Androgenesis—its use for transfer of maize cytoplasm. J Heredity 54: 152–158.
Chase S.S., 1963. Cytoplasmic replacement through androgenesis in Maize Proc. XII, Int Cong Genet 1: 229.
clausen R.E. & W.E.Lammerts, 1929. Interspecific hybridization in Nicotiana X. Haploid and Diploid merogony. Am Nat 63: pp. 279–282.
Coe G.E., 1953. Cytology of reproduction in Cooperia pedonculata. Amer J Bot 40: 335–343.
Cooper D.C., 1943. Haploid-diploid twin embryos in Lilium and Nicotiana. Am J Botany 30: 408–413.
Cope F.W., 1962. The mechanism of pollen incompatibility in Theobroma cacao. J Heredity 17: 157–182.
Davies D.R., 1958. Male parthenogenesis in Barley. J. Heredity 12: 493–498.
Dublin P., 1972. Polyembryonie et haploïdie chez Theobroma cacao. Café Cacao Thé, Vol. XVI (4): 295–311.
Dublin, P., 1973. Haploïdie chez Theobroma cacao. C.R. Acad Sc Paris t. 276-série D., pp. 757–759.
Dublin P., 1978. Haploïdes diploïdisés et obtention de génotypes homozygotes fertiles chez les cacaoyers cultivés (Theobroma cacao). Cafe Cacao Thé, Vol. XXII (4): 275–284.
Dumas de Vaulx, R., 1979. Haploid induction in musk melon (Cucumis melo) in the interspecific cross with Cucumis ficifolius PI 193–967. 2nd international haploid conference-Norwich 79 ed. John Innes Institute.
Gerlach-Cruse D., 1970. Experimentalle Auslösung von Semigamie bei Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh Biol Zentralbl 89: 435–436.
Hanstein E., 1961. Eine androgene haploide Oenothera scabra. Planta 56: 475–478.
KappertVon H., 1933. Erbliche Polyembryonie bei Linum usitatissinum Biol Zentralblatt 53: 276.
Kasha K.J. & K.N.Kao, 1970. High frequency haploid production in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Nature 225: 874–876.
Kehr A.E., 1951. Monoploidy in Nicotiana. J Heredity 42: 107–112.
Kimber G. & R.Riley, 1963. Haploid angiosperms. Bot Rev 29: 480–531.
Kostoff D., 1929. An androgenic Nicotiana haploid. Z. Zellforsk Molkrosk Anat 9: 640–642.
Kostoff D., 1942. The problem of haploidy. Bibl Genet 13: 1–148.
Lacadena J.R., 1974. Spontaneous induced parthenogenesis and androgenesis. In: Kasha K.J. (Ed.), Haploids in higher plants. University of Guelph. Canada, pp. 13–32.
Lanaud C., 1986. Utilisation des marqueurs enzymatiques pour l'étude génétique du cacaoyer Theobroma cacao L. I- Contrôle génétique et linkage de neuf marqueurs enzymatiques. Café Cacao Thé, Vol. XXX (4): 259–270.
Magoon M.L. & K.A.Khanna, 1963. Haploids. Caryologya 16: 191–235.
Nettancourt de, D., 1977. Incompatibility in angiosperms. Springer-Verlag, 230 pp.
Opeke, L.K. & V.T. Jacob, 1967. Studies on methods of overcoming self incompatibility in Theobroma cacao L. IIe Conferencia Internacional de Pesquinas em Cacau-Salvadore e Itabuna (Bahia).
Sarkar K.R. & E.H.Coe, 1966. A genetic analysis of the origin of maternal haploids in maize. Genetics 54: 453–464.
Turcotte E.L. & C.V.Faester, 1967. Semigamy in Pima cotton. J Heredity 58: 54–57.
Turcotte E.L. & C.V.Faester, 1973. The origin of 2n and n sectors of chimeral Pima cotton plants. Crop Science 13: 111–112.
Turcotte E.L. & C.V.Faester, 1974. Methods of producing haploids: Semigametic production of cotton haploids. In: Kasha K.J. (Ed.), Haploids in higher plants. University of Gelph. Canada, pp. 53–64.
Wellensiek, S.J., 1931. The genetics of cotyledon-colour of cacao as a basis for quality selection. In: Archives of cacao research 22: 245–261.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Lanaud, C. Origin of haploids and semigamy in Theobroma cacao L.. Euphytica 38, 221–228 (1988). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00023524
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00023524