Skip to main content

Effects of diets rich in linoleic (18:2n - 6) and α-linolenic (18:3n - 3) acids on the growth, lipid class and fatty acid compositions and eicosanoid production in juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.)

Fish Physiology and Biochemistry volume 13, Article number: 105 (1994) Cite this article

Abstracts

Three practical-type diets utilizing fishmeal and casein as the protein sources and containing fish oil (FO), safflower oil (SO) or linseed oil (LO) were fed to duplicate groups of juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) of initial weight 1.2 g for a period of 12 weeks. No differences in final weight, mortality or development of pathological lesions were evident either between duplicate tanks or between dietary treatments over this period. Fish fed diets containing SO and LO contained significantly greater amounts of liver triacylglycerol compared to fish fed FO. The major C18 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in SO and LO diets, 18:2(n-6) and 18:3(n-3) respectively, were readily incorporated into both total lipid and individual phospholipids of turbot tissues. There was no accumulation of the Δ6-desaturation products of these fatty acids, namely 18:3(n-6) and 18:4(n-3), in any of the tissues examined. The products of elongation of 18:2(n-6) and and 18:3(n-3), 20:2(n-6) and 20:3(n-3) respectively, accumulated in both total lipid and phospholipids with the highest levels of 20:2(n-6) in liver PC and 20:3(n-3) in liver PE. Eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA, 20:5(n-3)] levels exceeded those of arachidonic acid [AA, 20:4(n-6)] in phosphatidylinositol (PI) from liver and gill of fish fed LO. EPA levels in liver PI from fish fed LO were 3-fold and 2-fold greater than SO-fed and FO-fed fish, respectively. Fish fed diets containing SO and LO had significantly reduced levels of AA in liver and muscle total lipid and lower AA in individual phospholipid classes of liver and gill compared to FO-fed fish. The concentration of thromboxane B2 was significantly reduced in plasma and isolated gill cells stimulated with calcium ionophore A23187 of fish fed SO and LO compared to those fed FO. Prostaglandin E produced by isolated gill cells stimulated with A23187 was significantly reduced in fish fed both SO and LO compared to fish fed FO.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.

Access options

Buy single article

Instant access to the full article PDF.

USD 39.95

Price includes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Abbreviations

AA:

arachidonic acid

ANOVA:

analysis of variance

DHA:

docosahexaenoic acid

EPA:

eicosapentaenoic acid

FO:

fish oil

HPLC:

high performance liquid chromatography

HPTLC:

high performance thin-layer chromatography

HUFA:

highly unsaturated fatty acid

LO:

linseed oil

PC:

phosphatidylcholine

PE:

phosphatidylethanolamine

PGE:

prostaglandin E

PI:

phosphatidylinositol

PS:

phosphatidylserine

PUFA:

polyunsaturated fatty acid

SO:

safflower oil

TLC:

thin-layer chromatography

TXB2 :

thromboxane B2

References cited

  • Ackman, R.G. 1980. Fish lipids, part 1. In Advances in Fish Science and Technology. pp. 86–103. Edited by J.J. Connell. Fishing News Books, Farnham.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aveldano, M.I, 1988. Phospholipid species containing long and very long polyenoic fatty acids remain with rhodopsin after hexane extraction of photoreceptor membranes. Biochemistry 27: 1229–1239.

    PubMed  CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bell, J.G. and Sargent, J.R. 1992. The incorporation and metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids in phospholipids of cultured cells from chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta). Fish Physiol. Biochem. 10: 99–109.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bell, J.G., Dick, J.R., McVicar, A.H., Sargent, J.R. and Thompson, K.D. 1993a. Dietary sunflower, linseed and fish oils affect phospholipid fatty acid composition, development of cardiac lesions, phospholipase activity and eicosanoid production in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essent. Fatty Acids 49: 665–673.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bell, J.G., Dick, J.R. and Sargent, J.R. 1993b. Effects of diets rich in linoleic or α-linolenic acid on phospholipid fatty acid composition and eicosanoid production in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Lipids 28: 819–826.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bell, J.G., McVicar, A.H., Park, M.T. and Sargent, J.R. 1991. High dietary linoleic acid affects the fatty acid compositions of individual phospholipids from tissues of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): association with stress susceptibility and cardiac lesion. J. Nutr. 121: 1163–1172.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bell, J.G., Tocher, J.R. and Sargent, J.R. 1994. Effect of supplementation with 20:3(n-6), 20:4(n-6) and 20:5(n-3) on the production of prostaglandins E and F of the 1-, 2- and 3-series in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) brain astroglial cells in primary culture. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. (In press).

  • Bell, J.G., Youngson, A., Mitchell, A.I. and Cowey, C.B. 1989. The effect of enhanced intake of linoleic acid on the fatty acid composition of tissue polar lipids of post-smolt Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Lipids 24: 240–242.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bell, M.V. and Dick, J.R. 1990. Molecular species composition of phosphatidylinositol from the brain, retina, liver and muscle of cod (Gadus morhua). Lipids 25: 691–694.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bell, M.V. and Dick, J.R. 1991. Molecular species composition of the major diacyl glycerophospholipids from muscle, liver, retina, and brain of cod (Gadus morhua). Lipids 26: 565–573.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bell, M.V., Henderson, R.J., Pirie, B.J.S. and Sargent, J.R. 1985. Effects of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid deficiences on mortality, growth and gill structure in the turbot (Scophthalmus maximus, Linnaeus). J. Fish. Biol. 26: 181–191.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bell, M.V., Simpson, C.M.F. and Sargent, J.R. 1983. (n-3) and (n-6) polyunsaturated fatty acids in the phosphoglycerides of salt-secreting epithelia from two marine fish species. Lipids 18: 720–726.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Christie, W.W. 1982. Lipid Analyses, 2nd Edition Pergamon Press, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Folch, J., Lees, M. and Sloane-Stanley, G.H. 1957. A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissues. J. Biol. Chem. 226: 497–509.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hardy, R.W., Scott, T.M. and Harrell, L.E. 1987. Replacement of herring oil with menhaden oil, or tallow in the diets of Atlantic salmon raised in marine net-pens. Aquaculture 65: 267–277.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Henderson, R.J. and Tocher, D.R. 1987. The lipid composition and biochemistry of freshwater fish. Prog. Lipid Res. 26: 281–347.

    PubMed  CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Horrobin, D.F. 1983. The regulation of prostaglandin biosynthesis by the manipulation of essential fatty acid metabolism. Rev. Pure Appl. Sci. 4: 339–383.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Horrobin, D.F. 1991. Interactions between n-3 and n-6 essential fatty acids (EFAs) in the regulation of cardiovascular disorders and inflammation. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essent. Fatty acids 44: 127–131.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnston, M., Carey, F. and McMillan, R.M. 1983. Alternative pathways of arachidonate metabolism: prostaglandins, hromboxanes and leukotrienes. In Essays in Biochemistry. Vol. 19, pp 40–141. Edited by P.N. Campbell and R.D. Marshall. Academic Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kalogeropoulos, N., Alexis, M.N. and Henderson, R.J. 1992. Effects of dietary soybean and cod-liver oil levels on growth and body composition of gilthead bream (Sparus aurata). Aquaculture 104: 293–308.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kanazawa, A. 1985. Essential fatty acid and lipid requirement of fish. In Nutrition and Feeding in Fish. pp. 281–298. Edited by C.B. Cowey, A.M. Mackie and J.G. Bell. Academic Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lands, W.E.M. 1989. Differences in n-3 and n-6 eicosanoid precursors. In Advances in Prostaglandin, Thromboxane and Leukotriene Research, Vol. 19, pp. 602–605. Edited by B. Samuelsson, P.Y.K. Wong and F.F. Sun. Raven Press Ltd., New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leger, C., Gatesoupe, F.J., Metailler, R., Luquet, P. and Fremont, L. 1979. Effect of fatty acids differing by chain lengths and ω series on the growth and lipid composition of turbot, Scophthalmus maximus L. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 64B: 345–350.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Le Milinaire, C., Gatesoupe, F.J. and Stephen, G. 1983. Approche du besoin quantitatif en acides gras longs polyunsaturates de la serie n-3 chez la larve de turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) C.R. Acad. Sci., Paris 296: 917–920.

    Google Scholar 

  • Linares, F. and Henderson, R.J. 1991. Incorporation of 14C-labelled polyunsaturated fatty acids by juvenile turbot, Scophthalmus maximus (L.) in vivo. J. Fish Biol. 38: 335–347.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lowry, O.H., Rosebrough, N.J., Farr, A.L. and Randall, R.J. 1951. Protein determination with folin phenol reagent. J. Biol. Chem. 193: 265–275.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moon, T.W., Walsh, P.J. and Mommsen, T.P. 1985. Fish hepatocytes: A model metabolic system. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 42: 1772–1782.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mourente, G. and Tocher, D.R. 1993a. Incorporation and metabolism of 14C-labelled polyunsaturated fatty acids in juvenile gilthead sea bream Sparus aurata L. in vivo. Fish Physiol. Biochem. 10: 443–453.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mourente, G. and Tocher, D.R. 1993b. Incorporation and metabolism of 14C-labelled polyunsaturated fatty acids in wild-caught juveniles of golden grey mullet, Liza aurata, in vivo. Fish Physiol. Biochem. 12: 119–130.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mustafa, T. and Srivastava, K.C. 1989. Prostaglandins (eicosanoids) and their role in ectothermic organisms. Adv. Comp. and Env. Physiol. 5: 157–207.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olsen, R.E., Henderson, R.J. and Ringo, E. 1991. Lipids in Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus (L.) I. Dietary induced changes in lipid class and fatty acid composition. Fish Physiol. Biochem. 9: 151–164.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Owen, J.M., Adron, J.W., Middleton, C. and Cowey, C.B. 1975. Elongation and desaturation of dietary fatty acids in turbot Scophthalmus maximus and rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri. Lipids 10: 528–531.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Powell, W.S. 1982. Rapid extraction of arachidonic acid metabolites from biological samples using octadecyl silica. Methods Enzymol. 86: 467–477.

    PubMed  CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sargent, J.R., Henderson, R.J. and Tocher, D.R. 1989. The lipids In Fish Nutrition, 2nd Edition. pp. 153–218. Edited by J.E. Halver. Academic Press, San Diego.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simopoulos, A.P., Kifer, R.R. and Wykes, A.A. 1991. ω3 Fatty acids: Research advances and support in the field since June 1985. In Health Effects of ω3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Seafoods. pp. 51–73. Edited by A.P. Simopoulos, R.R. Kifer, R.E. Martin and S.M. Barlow. Karger AG, Basel.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sprecher, H. 1981. Biochemistry of essential fatty acids. Prog. Lipid Res. 20: 13–22.

    PubMed  CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tocher, D.R. 1993. Elongation predominates over desaturation in the metabolism of 18:3n-3 and 20:5n-3 in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) brain astroglial cells in primary culture. Lipids 28: 267–272.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tocher, D.R. and Harvie, D.G. 1988. Fatty acid composition of the major phosphoglycerides from fish neural tissues; (n-3) and (n-6) polyunsaturated fatty acids in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) and cod (Gadus morhua) brains and retinas. Fish Physiol. Biochem. 5: 229–239.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tocher, D.R. and MacKinlay, E.E. 1990. Incorporation and metabolism of (n-3) and (n-6) polyunsaturated fatty acids in phospholipid classes in cultured turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) cells. Fish Physiol. Biochem. 8: 251–260.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tocher, D.R. and Sargent, J.R. 1987. The effect of calcium ionophore A23187 on the metabolism of arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acids in neutrophils from a marine teleost fish rich in (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 87B: 733–739.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tocher, D.R., Bell, J.G. and Sargent, J.R. 1991. Incorporation of [3H] arachidonic and [14C] eicosapentaenoic acids into glycerophospholipids and their metabolism via lipoxygenases in isolated brain cells from the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. J. Neurochem. 57: 2078–2085.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tocher, D.R., Carr, J. and Sargent, J.R. 1989. Polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism in fish cells: Differential metabolism of (n-3) and (n-6) series acids by cultured cells originating from a freshwater teleost fish and from a marine teleost fish. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 94B: 367–374.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vitiello, F. and Zanetta, J.-P. 1978. Thin layer chromatography of phospholipids. J. Chromatogr. 166: 637–640.

    PubMed  CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zurier, R.B. 1982. Use of prostaglandins and evening primrose oil (Efamol) in experimental models of inflammation. In Clinical Uses of Essential Fatty Acids. pp. 113–124. Edited by D.F. Horrobin. Eden Press, Montreal.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. N.E.R.C. Unit of Aquatic Biochemistry, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, Scotland, U.K.

    J. Gordon Bell, Douglas R. Tocher, Fiona M. MacDonald & John R. Sargent

Authors
  1. J. Gordon Bell
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Douglas R. Tocher
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Fiona M. MacDonald
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. John R. Sargent
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Gordon Bell, J., Tocher, D.R., MacDonald, F.M. et al. Effects of diets rich in linoleic (18:2n - 6) and α-linolenic (18:3n - 3) acids on the growth, lipid class and fatty acid compositions and eicosanoid production in juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.). Fish Physiol Biochem 13, 105 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00004336

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00004336

Keywords

  • turbot
  • growth
  • linoleate
  • linolenate
  • lipids
  • fatty acids
  • prostaglandins