References cited
Blake, R.W. 1983. Fish locomotion. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 208 pp.
Felley, J.D. 1984. Multivariate identification of morphological-environmental relationships within the Cyprinidae (Pisces). Copeia 1984: 442–455.
Gatz, A.J. Jr. 1979. Ecological morphology of freshwater stream fishes. Tulane Stud. Zool. Bot. 21: 91–124.
Gould, S.J. & R.C. Lewontin. 1979. The spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian paradigm: a critique of the adaptationist programme. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 295: 581–598.
Jaksiç, F.M. 1981. Recognition of morphological adaptations in animals: the hypothetico-deductive method. BioScience 31: 667–670.
Karr, J.R. & F.C. James. 1975. Eco-morphological configurations and convergent evolution in species and communities. pp. 258–291. In: M.L. Cody & J.M. Diamond (ed.) Ecology and Evolution of Communities, Belknap Press, Cambridge.
Nowell, A.R.M. & P.A. Jumars. 1984. Flow environments of aquatic benthos. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 15: 303–328.
Page, L.M. & D.L. Swofford. 1984. Morphological correlates of ecological specialization in darters. Env. Biol. Fish. 11: 139–159.
Radinsky, L.B. 1985. Approaches in evolutionary morphology: a search for patterns. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 16: 1–14.
Vogel, S. 1981. Life in moving fluids: the physical biology of flow. Princeton University Press, Princeton. 352 pp.
Webb, P.W. 1975. Hydrodynamics and energetics of fish propulsion Bull. Fish. Res. Board Can. 190: 1–159.
Webb, P.W. & D. Weihs (ed). 1983. Fish biomechanics. Praeger Publishers, New York. 398 pp.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Vadas, R.L. Predator-prey relationships in the lower vertebrates. Environ Biol Fish 22, 79–80 (1988). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00000545
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00000545