Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Reproductive period of a sub-montaneous tropical forest: estimation of seed availability for forest restoration in mount Masigit-Kareumbi, Indonesia

  • Research Article
  • Published:
Tropical Ecology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The ability of local tree species (LTS) to produce seeds is an intrinsic factor that contributes to the success of forest restoration efforts through a natural regeneration process. The aim of this study was to investigate the reproductive period of LTS in order to estimate seed sources availability for the forest restoration process in the sub-montaneous forests. Twenty permanent plots (20 × 20 m) were identified at Mt. Masigit-Kareumbi. Observations regarding flowering and fruiting were conducted on 399 individual LTS (78 species, 29 families) that had a diameter at breast height of more than 10 cm. This activity was done every month: period I was from July 2015 to June 2016, and period II was from July 2016 to June 2017. The results showed that the number of flowering–fruiting trees in period I was higher than it had been in period II. Peak flowering–fruiting occurred in period I (30.1% of the total individuals), and the lowest flowering–fruiting occurred in period II (10.5% of total individuals). 242 individual trees (60.7%) in total, comprising 57 species (73.1%), were flowered–fruited. Most LTS had short durations of reproductive phases. The shortest flowering duration was 0.1–0.8 months (61.7%), the shortest flowering–fruiting duration was 0.1–0.5 months (80.0%), and the shortest fruiting duration was 0.1–1.0 months (59.4%). Flowers and fruits or seeds were always available all year round. To support seed availability for forest restoration, the best time for fruit or seed collection is December to January.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Buisson E, Alvarado ST, Le Stradic S, Morellato LPC (2016) Plant phenological research enhances ecological restoration. Restor Ecol 25(2):164–171

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chazdon RL (2008) Beyond deforestation: restoring forests and ecosystem services on degraded lands. Science 320:1458–1460

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cole RJ, Holl KD, Keene CL, Zahawi RA (2011) Direct seeding of late-successional trees to restore tropical montane forest. For Ecol Manage 261:1590–1597

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Corbin JD, Holl KD (2012) Patient-reported outcomes in child and adolescent mental health services (CAMHS): Use of idiographic and standardized measures. J Ment Health 21(2):165–46

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dunham AE, Razafindratsima OH, Rakotonirina P, Wright PC (2018) Fruiting phenology is linked to rainfall variability in a tropical rain forest. Biotropica 50(3):396–404

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elliott S, Promkutkaew S, Maxwell JF (1994) The phenology of flowering and seed production of dry tropical forest trees in Northern Thailand. In: Proceedings internationl symposium on genetic conservation and production of tropical forest tree seed, ASEAN-Canada Forest Tree Seed Project, pp 52–62

  • Forest Restoration Research Unit (FORRU) 2006 How to plant a forest: the principles and practice of restoring tropical forests. Biology Department Science Faculty, Chiang Mai University, Thailand

  • Forest Restoration Research Unit (FORRU) 2008 Research for restoring tropical forest ecosystem: a practical guide. Biology Department Science Faculty, Chiang Mai University, Thailand

  • Gann GD, Lamb D (2006) Ecological restoration: a mean of conserving biodiversity and sustaining livelihoods. Society for Ecological Restoration International, Tucson, Arizona

    Google Scholar 

  • Gunawan H, Subiandono E (2014) Desain ruang restorasi ekosistem terderadasi di Taman Nasional Nasional Gunung Ciremai, Jawa Barat [Spatial design for restoration of degraded ecosystem in Mount Ciremai National Park, West Java]. Indones For Rehabil J 2(1):67–78 (Text in Indonesian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Gunter S, Stimm B, Cabrera M, Diaz ML, Lojan M, Ordonez E, Richter M, Weber M (2008) Tree phenology in montane forests of southern Equador can be explained by precipitation, radiation and phoperiodic control. J Trop Ecol 24:247–258

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holl KD, Aide TM (2011) When and where to actively restore ecosystem? For Ecol Manage 261:1558–1563

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kamilia I, Nawiyanto. (2015) Kerusakan hutan dan munculnya gerakan konservasi di lereng Gunung Lamongan, Klakah 1999–2003 [Forest damage and the emergence of conservation movements on 18 the slopes of Mount Lamongan, Klakah 1999–2013]. Publika Budaya 1(3):72–85 (Text in Indonesian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kebede M, Isotalo J (2016) Flowering and fruiting phenology and floral visitation of four native tree species in the remnant moist Afromontane forest of Wondo Genet, south central Ethiopia. Trop Ecol 57(2):299–311

    Google Scholar 

  • Keenan RJ, Reams GA, Achard F, de Freites JV, Grainger A, Lindquist E (2015) Dynamic of global forest area: result from the FAO global forest assessment 2015. For Ecol Manag 352:9–20

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar A, Chaudhary A (2010) Descriptive statistics (statistical methods) 4th edition. Krishna Prakashan Media (P) Ltd., Meerut

  • Mohandass D, Chhabra T, Pannu RS, Beng KC (2016) Recruitment of sapling in active tea plantation of the Nilgiri Mountain: implication for restoration ecology. Trop Ecol 57(1):101–118

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nahib I, Turmudi, Suwarno Y (2015) Pemodelan spasial deforestasi di kabupaten Tasikmalaya, provinsi Jawa Barat [Spatial deforestation modeling in Tasikmalaya district, West Java Province]. Majalah Ilmiah Globe 17(2):155–164 (Text in Indonesian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Natural Resources Conservation Bureau of West Java (2013) Rencana pengelolaan jangka panjang Taman Buru Gunung Masigit-Kareumbi periode 2014-2039 [Long-term management plan for Mount Masigit-Kareumbi Reserve for the period 2014-2039]. Ministry of Forestry, Directorate General of PHKA, Bandung. (Text in Indonesian)

  • Osuri AM, Chakravarthy D, Mudappa D, Raman TRS, Ayyappan N, Muthuramkumar S, Parthasarathy N (2017) Successional status, seed dispersal mode and overstorey species influence tree regeneration in tropical rain forest fragment in Western Ghats India. J Trop Ecol 33(4):270–284

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reis A, Bechara FC, Tres DR (2010) Nucleation in tropical ecological restoration. Scientia Agricola 67:244–250

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rey PJ (2011) Preserving frugivorous birds in agroecosystems: lessons from Spanish olive orchards. J Appl Ecol 48:228–237

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt L (2000) Guide to handling of tropical and subtropical forest seed. DANIDA Forest Seed Centre, Humlebaek, Denmark, pp Xxi+511. http://www.dfsc.dk/Guidechapters.htm

  • Singh KP, Kushwaha CP (2006) Diversity of flowering and fruiting phenology of trees in a tropical deciduous forest in India. Ann Bot 97:265–276

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Somasundaram S, Vijayan L (2010) Plant diversity and phenological pattern in the montane wet temperate forests of the Southern Western Ghats, India. For Stud China 12(3):116–125

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sulistyawati E, Mashita N, Setiawan NN, Choesin DN, Suryana P (2012) Flowering and fruiting phenology of tree species in mount papandayan nature reserve, West Java, Indonesia. Trop Life Sci Res 23(2):81–95

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sulistyawati, E., Y. I. Ulumudin & M. Zuhri. 2008. Land-use change in Mount Papandayan: its associated impact on biodiversity and carbon stock. International Conference on Environmental Research and Technology. pp 463–467

  • Sutherland WJ (2006) Ecological census techniques a handbook. Cambridge University Press, New York

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Van der Werf GR, Morton DC, DeFries RS, Olivier JGJ, Kasibhatla PS, Jackson RB, Collatz GJ, Randerson JT (2009) CO2 emission from forest loss. Nat Geosci 2:737–738

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang J, Li D, Ren H, Yang L (2010) Seed supply and the regeneration potential for plantation and shrubland in southern china. For Ecol Manage 259:2390–2398

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • World Conservation Monitoring Centre. 1998. Saurauia microphylla. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1998: e.T37404A10050108.

  • Wright SJ, Cornejo FH (1990) Seasonal drought and the timing of flowering and leaf fall in a Neotropical forest plants. In: K. S. Bawa & M. Hadley (eds.) Man and the biosphere series. Unesco and The Parthenon Publ. Grp. Vol.7, pp 49–61

  • Zhang L, Turkington R, Tang Y (2010) Flowering and fruiting phenology of 24 plant species on the North Slope of Mt. Qomolangma (Mt. Everest). J Mt Sci 7:45–54

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Part of this study was funded by Domestic Postgraduate Education Scholarship (BPP-DN) of Directorate General of Higher Education, Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education Republic of Indonesia to the first author. We would like to express our sincere appreciation to Natural Resources Conservation Bureau (BBKSDA) of West Java Province who was given the opportunity to perform long-term research at Mt. Masigit Kareumbi Reserve. We also express our appreciation to Head of Resort Kareumbi Timur and staff for supporting our research in the field. In particular, we would like to thank local community of Mt. Masigit Kareumbi, especially Pak Awo and Pak Ahin who made this research possible. I would also like to thank the management of the School of Life Sciences and Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB) which has given first author the opportunity to continue studies during doctoral program in biology, ITB.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Life Sciences and Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesa 10, Bandung, 40132, West Java, Indonesia

    Susana P. Dewi, Endah Sulistyawati & Tati Suryati Syamsudin

Authors
  1. Susana P. Dewi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Endah Sulistyawati
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Tati Suryati Syamsudin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Tati Suryati Syamsudin.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Dewi, S.P., Sulistyawati, E. & Syamsudin, T.S. Reproductive period of a sub-montaneous tropical forest: estimation of seed availability for forest restoration in mount Masigit-Kareumbi, Indonesia. Trop Ecol 60, 62–73 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42965-019-00007-2

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42965-019-00007-2

Keywords

Search

Navigation